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Refers to the progress of disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of intervention.
Natural history of disease
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Natural history of disease describes course of the disease in an individual starting from the _____ to the casual agents, until one of the possible ______ occurs.
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the period between exposure and infection.
latent period
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the period between exposure and onset of clinical symptoms.
incubation period
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the time during which time and host can infect another susceptible host
infectious period
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the period when the host's ability to transmit the disease to other host ceases.
noninfectious period
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What are the risk factors or attribute that increases the likelihood to develop disease or health conditions?
- unclean water
- malnutrition
- hypertension
- alcoholism
- hygiene
- not practicing safe sex
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What are the 3 models of disease causation?
- 1.Epidemiologic Triad
- 2.Iceberg Principle
- 3.Web causation
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The process of detection for disease or disorders among apparently healthy people.
Screening
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What is the primary aim of screening?
to identify risk factors and disease in their earliest stage
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The systemic ongoing and analytic process of monitoring to scrutinize disease condition.
Surveillance
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What are the categories of surveillance in the Philippines?
-
Under the surveillance categories:
It is for rapid detection, notification, verification and assessment of public health.
event-based
-
Under the surveillance categories:
It is the routine reporting of cases of disease.
indicator-based
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Surveillance can either be _____ or _____.
-
It is when the public health staff receives reports from the hospitals, clinics, public health units or other sources.
passive surveillance
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It is when the public health staff members actively and regularly contacts health care providers or other population to obtain information about the disease of interest.
active surveillance
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Involves the official and timely reporting of the occurrence of specific diseases and conditions to designated public health authorities by clinicians and other health personnel for action using designated reporting tools.
Disease notification
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These are the 4 diseases which are deemed always to be unusual or unexpected, hence must be notified to the WHO in all circumstances.
- 1.smallpox
- 2.poliomyelitis due to wild type of polio virus
- 3.human influenza caused by new subtypes
- 4.severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
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What are the 2 examples of surveillance in the Philippines?
PIDSR Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
Unified Registry Systems on Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury Related Cases, Persons with Disabilities and Violence Against Women and Children
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The R.A that provides policies and procedures on surveillance and response to notifiable diseases, epidemics and health events that poses risk to public health and security.
RA.11332 or the “Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of Public Health Concern Act”
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______ regularly update and issue a list of nationally notifiable diseases and health events of public health concern with their corresponding case definitions.
Epidemiology Bureau under the Department of Health
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The epidemiology bureau must issue the official list of an institutionalized ______,________, and _______ for mandatory reporting of the disease and public health events.
- health information system
- disease surveillance
- response systems
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What are two approaches in evaluating interventions?
- population-based approach interventions
- high risk approach interventions
-
An evaluating intervention that attempts to change socio-cultural or structural factors in the community, cities, or even at country level.
population-base approach interventions
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An evaluating intervention that targets those persons who are likely to have increased incidence of a disease based on the presence of the risk factor.
High-risk approach interventions
-
What are the sources of data in epidemiology?
-
It is the original data collected for a specific purpose by a researcher.
eg. getting water sample, interviewing people about their symptoms
primary data
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It is most often, epidemiologist use data already collected by other individuals and or/ institutions for some specific purpose.
eg. population census, birth and death certificates, disease registries, patient's medical records, health insurance claims, health surveys.
secondary data
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What agency collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs and general affairs of the people of the Philippines.
Philippine Statistics Office
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What are the examples of secondary data? (5)
- 1.Population based census
- 2.Civil registry
- 3.Disease or patient registries
- 4.Disease surveillance and notification
- 5.Population-based surveys
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The total process of collecting, compiling , evaluating, analyzing and publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a s specified time, to all persons in the country or in a well delimited part of the country.
Population census
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In the Philippines population is enumerated every ____ years beginning on 1970.
5
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Those systems which produce births, deaths and causes of death information, which are a fundamental strategic, importance for countries' development process and governance.
Civil registration and vital statistics CVRS
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The study of the characteristics of human populations. It comprises of important events of human life.
Vital statistics
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Vital statistics includes event in human life like: (Give atleast 5)
- birth
- death
- fetal death
- marriage
- divorce
- annulment
- judicial separation
- adoption
- legitimation
- recognition
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What are the most important individual records?
- birth
- death
- marriage/ divorce
-
A population record which measures how fast people added to the population through births. Most frequently used overall measure of the reproduction population.
Crude Birth Rate CBR
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Crude Birth Rate is influenced by many factors such as:
- fertility
- marriage pattern and practices
- age
- sex
- composition of a population
- birth registration practice
-
How to compute CBR?
(number of births in a year/average population)x 1000
-
The number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 in a given year. This information gives a more specific rate than CBR since births are related to women of reproductive age.
General fertility rate GFR
-
Formula of to get GFR?
- (Number of live births during a year /
- Mid year female population in the same year (15-49) )x 1000
-
High fertility if gfr is
200/1000 women
-
Low fertility if GFR is
60/ 1000 women
-
Provides important information of the health status of the people in the community.
mortality indicators
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A measure of frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval.
mortality rate
-
Examples of mortality indicators are
- crude death rate
- specific death rate
- proportionate mortality ratio
- maternal mortality rate
- infant mortality rate
- neonatal mortality rate
- postneonatal mortality rate
- early postnatal mortality rates
- perinatal mortality rate
-
the rate which mortality occurs in a given population. Sensitive to the number of people at the highest risk for dying.
A relatively older population will likely produce higher cdr than population with a more evenly distributed age range.
crude death rate
-
formula of crude death rate
(d per year / total pop) x1000
-
The number of deaths per 1000 live birth of children under 1 year of age.
infant mortality rate
-
It is considered as the most important indicator of overall level of health and social wellbeing of the country or other geopolitical area since many causes of deaths at this age group is considered preventable.
IMR
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Formula for IMR
(no. of children less than 1 y.o/ number of live births on the same year)1000
-
Refers to the death due to complications from pregnancy or child birth, both direct and indirect.
Maternal mortality rate
-
formula of MMR?
(no.Maternal deaths in a specified period/ no of live births in the same period )x 1000
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