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community definitions
- 1. has common interests or characteristics
- 2. interacts with one another
- 3. has a sense of unity or belonging
- 4. functions collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns
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Dimensions of community descriptions
- Aggregate of people
- Location in space
- Social system
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An _________ is a community composed of people who have similar demographic characteristics such as age, sex, ethnic background or common activities, concerns, and goals.
aggregate
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_________________ are "people factors" that helps define a community.
Health-related traits or risk factors
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a type of community formed when common problem or issue unites individuals
community of solution
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physical location or geographic boundaries
location in space
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_________________ are highly defined by geographical landmarks such as barangay or districts, whether urban or rural.
Geopolitical communities
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a major dimension of a community
the relationship of members that forms one another
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A _________________ that forms a complex social system constitutes a community.
phenomenological/functional community
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8 principles of PHN
- 1. Focus on the community as the unit of care.
- 2. Give priority to community needs.
- 3. Work with the community as an equal partner of the health team.
- 4. In selecting appropriate activities, focus on primary prevention.
- 5. Promote a healthful physical and psychosocial environment.
- 6. Reach out to all who may benefit from a specific service.
- 7. Promote optimum use of resources.
- 8. Collaborate with others working in the community.
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3 features of a community
- people
- location
- social system
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population variables that affect the health of the community
- size
- density
- composition
- rate of growth or decline
- cultural characteristics
- mobility
- social class
- educational level
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natural factors related to location that can affect health
- geographic features
- climate
- flora
- fauna
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the patterned series of interrelationships existing between individuals, groups, and institutions and forming a coherent whole
social system
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components of a social system
- 1. family
- 2. economic
- 3. educational
- 4. communication
- 5. political
- 6. legal
- 7. religious
- 8. recreational
- 9. health systems
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the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
Epidemiology
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the basic science of public health; often used to describe health status of population groups to determine priority health programs
Epidemiology
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the number of health events in a population
frequency
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the occurrence of health conditions or disease by time, place, and person
pattern
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_____________ are used to study both communicable and noncommunicable diseases and other health-related states or events.
Epidemiologic methods
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provides answers to assess whether groups with different rates of health conditions or diseases differ with these determinants (demographic characteristics, genetics, behavior, environmental exposures)
Analytic epidemiology
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considered as the father of field epidemiology
John Snow
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characterizing patterns is called __________________
descriptive epidemiology
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annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, or any other breakdown of time that may influence health condition or disease
time patterns
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include geographic variation such as urban/rural differences and location such as schools or workplace
place patterns
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demographic factors which may be related to risk of illness, injury, or disability
personal characteristics
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3 patterns
- time patterns
- place patterns
- personal characteristics
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When has epidemiology been applied to noncommunicable diseases?
mid-20th century
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infections that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase in the near future
emerging infectious diseases
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refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time in the absence of intervention; describes the course of the disease in an individual starting from the moment of exposure to the causal agents until one of the possible outcomes occurs
Natural history of disease
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the period between exposure and infection
latent period
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the period between exposure and onset of clinical symptoms
incubation period
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the time during which the host can infect another susceptible host
infectious period
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the period when the host's ability to transmit the disease to other hosts ceases
noninfectious period
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Risk factors or attribute that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or health condition
- unsafe water
- sanitation and hygiene
- underweight
- unsafe sex
- high blood pressure
- tobacco use
- alcohol consumption
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3 models of disease causation
- 1. Epidemiologic Triad
- 2. Iceberg Principle
- 3. Web of Causation
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the active search or process of detection for disease or disorders among apparently healthy people. primary aim is to identify risk factors and diseases in their earliest stage
screening
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the systematic, ongoing, and analytic process of monitoring to scrutinize disease condition
surveillance
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2 categories of surveillance in the Philippines
- event-based (rapid detection, notification, verification, and assessment)
- indicator-based (routine reporting)
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surveillance can either be _______ or ________
passive, active
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involves the official and timely reporting of the occurrence of specific diseases and conditions to designated public health authorities by clinicians and other health personnel for action using designated reporting tools
Disease notification
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4 critical diseases
- 1. smallpox
- 2. poliomyelitis due to wild type poliovirus
- 3. human influenza caused by new subtype
- 4. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
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2 examples of surveillance systems in the Philippines
- 1. Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR)
- 2. Unified Registry Systems on CHronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury Related Cases, Persons with Disabilities, and Violence Against Women and Children
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Republic Act No. _______ provides policies and procedures on surveillance and response to notifiable diseases, epidemics and health events that pose risk to public health and security.
11332
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Under the law, the _________________________ shall regularly update and issue a list of nationally notifiable diseases and health events of public health concern with their corresponding case definitions.
Epidemiology Bureau under the Department of Health
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Major disease surveillance systems in the country
- 1. Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NDRS)
- 2. Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)
- 3. National Epidemiology Sentinel Surveillance System (NESSS)
- 4. Expanded Program on Immunization Surveillance System (EPI Surveillance)
- 5. HIV-AIDS Registry
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interventions which attempt to change socio-cultural or structural factors in the community, cities, or even at country level
population-based approach interventions
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interventions targeting those persons who are likely to have increased incidence of a disease based on the presence of risk factors
high-risk approach interventions
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the original data collected for a specific purpose by a researcher
primary data
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data already collected by other individuals/institutions for some specific purpose
secondary data
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the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing or otherwise disseminating data pertaining, at a specified time, to all persons in a country or in a well delimited part of a country
Population census
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"those systems which produce births, deaths and causes of death information, which are pf fundamental strategic importance for countries' development process and governance"
Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS)
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useful for disease surveillance when they ask people about information for which they may be the most valid and reliable source
Population-based surveys
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conducts the National Nutrition Survey (NNS)
Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the DOST
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the study of the characteristics of human population
Vital Statistics
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most important individual records
- 1. birth
- 2. death
- 3. marriage/divorce
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measures how fast people are added to the population through births; most frequently used overall measure of the reproduction of a population
crude birth rate (CBR)
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CBR formula
# of live births in a year / avg. population in the year x 1000
(B/P X 1000)
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CBR greater than or equal to 45/1k live births
high fertility
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CBR less than or equal to 20/1k live births
low fertility
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the number of live births per 1k women aged 15-49
General Fertility Rate
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GFR
low fertility rate
high fertility rate
- 60/1000 women
- 200/1000 women
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GFR formula
# of live births / mid year female (15-49)
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a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval
mortality rate
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the rate which mortality occurs in a given population; sensitive to the number of people at the highest risk for dying
crude death rate
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formula for CDR
D/P X 1000
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considered one of the most important indicators of overall health and social well-being of a country
Infant Mortality Rate
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IMR formula
deaths of children less than 1 year/number of live births in same year X 1000
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refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy
Maternal Mortality Rate (maternal deaths / live births X 1000)
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