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Ethics derived from the greek word __
etho
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means custom/particular way & manner of acting and behaving”
etho
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morality derived from the Latin word
moralitas
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means “manner, character, proper behavior”
moralitas
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gives ethics the perspective of what to study whether an act is good or bad.
Morality
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basis of Ethics.
Morality
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arms the person with knowledge of morality of human acts, so he/she may know WHAT to do & HOW to do it.
ETHICS
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established & both used to to govern people with their actions.
Ethics and Law
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product of collective agreement of the authorities to decide which is more appropriate to implement
law
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.They share concerns regarding right or wrong behaviors, the good and the bad
ETHICS AND RELIGION
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primarily and mainly relies on supernatural reason,
that is - divine revelation or divine authority.
Religion
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ETHICS is known as
Moral Philosophy
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practical science of morality of human act/ conduct & of the good life.
ETHICS
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talks about how we ought to live, with the idea of the good and with the concepts of “right” and “wrong”
ETHICS
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important element in assessing an individual’s act or behavior as moral or notis through referencing to a ___
norm.
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rule, standard, or measure.
norm.
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act / conduct is measured as good or bad, right or wrong, moral or immoral.
norm.
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4 types of norm
- Technical Norms
- Societal Norms
- Aesthetic Norms
- Ethical / Moral Norm
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Concerned w/ how we “technically do things”
TECHNICAL NORMS
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man’s needs which come from his bodily space- time limitations.
TECHNICAL NORMS
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has to do with survival, health and well- being.
TECHNICAL NORMS
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need for group cohesion & strengthening the bonds of community
SOCIETAL NORMS
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proper conduct within the society and around its people (social etiquette).
SOCIETAL NORMS
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perceptual forms of color, shape, space, movement, sound, feeling and emotion, touch & texture, taste, scent and etc.
AESTHETIC NORMS
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in touched with our sense’s perception of beauty.
AESTHETIC NORMS
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ideal perception of an individual’s action or behavior if it is good or bad etc.
ETHICAL / MORAL NORMS
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8 CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL PRINCIPLES
- Reasonability
- Impartiality
- Prescriptivity
- Overridingness
- Autonomous From Arbitrary Authority
- Practicability
- Universability
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Moral judgments must be backed up by good reason and arguments
REASONABILITY
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Ethical or moral rule should be neutral
IMPARTIALITY
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supposed to apply to everyone regardless of one’s status and situation in life.
IMPARTIALITY
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practical/action-guiding nature of morality
PRESCRIPTIVITY
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commanding aspect of morality.
PRESCRIPTIVITY
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put forth as some kind of commands or imperatives since they are intended to direct people on what to do & avoid.
PRESCRIPTIVITY
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Moral standards must have hegemony.
OVERRIDINGNESS
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they should reign supreme over all other standards, whatever they may be.
OVERRIDINGNESS
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should stand on their own logic and independent of arbitrariness of the majority.
AUTONOMOUS FROM ARBITRARY AUTHORITY
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The quote what is good is good even when no one is doing it and what is bad is bad even if everyone does it.
AUTONOMOUS FROM ARBITRARY AUTHORITY
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must be made public if they are to serve as clear guidelines to our actions.
PUBLICITY
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These should be made public because it will be useless if everyone is clueless about those moral principles.
PUBLICITY
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must be practical, not impossible to achieve or else they will not be for people.
PRACTICABILITY
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must not be over the capability of humans
PRACTICABILITY
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must be applicable to everyone, without exception,
provided that all people are in a relevantly similar situation or context.
UNIVERSAL
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actions done by a person as result of her conscious knowledge, freedom & voluntariness/consent
HUMAN ACTS
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which a person does when she decides and thinks for himself/herself.
HUMAN ACTS
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is classified as good or bad, right or wrong, and this, subject to morality and its norms
HUMAN ACTS
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actions which happen “naturally”, even w/out awareness of herself
ACTS OF MAN
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actions are spontaneously happening in the person during her impulsive, unconscious and instinctive moments
ACTS OF MAN
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humans share with animals whose actions and movements emanate from purely sensual nature.
ACTS OF MAN
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are performed w/out deliberation & free will.
ACTS OF MAN
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3 BASIC ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
- The Act Must Be Deliberate
- The Act Must Be Performed In Freedom
- The Act Must Be Done Voluntarily
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it must be performed by a conscious agent who is very much aware of what he/she is doing and of its consequences.
they are said to be incapable of acting knowingly and sufficient knowledge.
THE ACT MUST BE DELIBERATE
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person performing the action should be free from any force beyond their control/ from any powerful influence from outside.
THE ACT MUST BE PERFORMED IN FREEDOM
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it must be done by an agent who is acting freely, with his/her own volition and powers.
THE ACT MUST BE PERFORMED IN FREEDOM
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It must be performed by an agent who decides willfully to perform the act.
THE ACT MUST BE DONE VOLUNTARILY
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The act, to be truly a voluntary one, must come from the
core of a person’s being.
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this pertains to factors that allow us to identify whether an act is good or bad
DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY OF HUMAN ACT
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3 MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS
- The Act Itself / The Object Of The Act
- Motive / Intention
- The Circumstance
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the action that is done or performed by an agent, or WHAT THE PERSON DOES.
The Act Itself
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proposes that morality is objective.
The Act Itself
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the idea that right and wrong exist factually, without importance of opinion.
Objective Morality
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the “reason” behind our acting. “WHY THE PERSON DOES WHAT HE DOES”
Motive
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the purpose / intention that for the sake of which something is done.
Motive / Intention
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depend on one’s motive/ intention, a particular act can be modified in its moral worth.
Does not rely on facts.
Subjective Morality
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4 PRINCIPLES TO BE CONSIDERED IN MOTIVE & INTENTION
- An act can become morally good or evil depending upon the intention of the person doing the act
- A good act becomes morally evil due to wrong / bad motive
- A good act is becomes morally good due to noble intention / motive.
- An evil act can never become morally good if it is done with good motive
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the various conditions outside of the act. they are not part of the act itself.
The Circumstance
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conditions that influence, to a lesser/ greater degree, the moral quality of human act.
The Circumstance
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4 Types Of Circumstances
- Mitigating/ Extenuating Circumstances
- Aggravating Circumstances
- Justifying Circumstances
- Specifying Circumstances
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what type of circumstance: Example:- Rob and Zeke stole the chicken of their neighbor just for fun so that they can eat a delicious dinner. - after a few weeks, he felt guilty about what she did as his conscience kicks in. - Because of the guilt he felt, he swore to himself that he will never do it again.Mitigating /
Extenuating Circumstances
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type of circumstances diminish the degree of moral good or evil in the act
- Mitigating / Extenuating Circumstances
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increases the degree of moral good or evil act without adding a new and distinct species of moral good or evil.
Aggravating Circumstances
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what type of circumstance Example:
- Jeff was arrested in the past because of selling drugs and it is the reason why he was sentenced with 6 years imprisonment.
- Now that he is going out of prison, he chose to still sell drugs again.
Aggravating Circumstances
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show adequate reason for some act that is used to justify the act done by an individual.
Justifying Circumstances
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what type of circumstance Example:
- John was confronted by two teenage students & just want to be physical with him.
-As a taekwondo black belter, John defended himself and accidentally killed one of the two.
- In court, John asserted that it was just because of self-defense.
Justifying Circumstances
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circumstance where it makes an indifferent act become good or bad.
- this circumstance is dependent on the situation.
- Specifying Circumstances
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4 PRINICIPLES GOVERNING CIRCUMSTANCES
- Circumstances may either increase or decrease the wrongfulness of an evil act.
- Circumstances may either increase or decrease the merits of a good act
- Circumstances may exempt temporarily someone from doing a required act.
- Circumstances do not prove the guilt of a person. The presence of a person when a crime is committed does not prove he is the criminal.
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factors, conditions that affect a man’s inner disposition towards certain actions
Modifiers Of Human Act
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5 Modifiers Of Human Act
- Ignorance
- Passion & Concupiscence
- Fear
- Violence
- Habits
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absence of necessary knowledge which a person in a given situation, who is performing a certain act, ought to have.
IGNORANCE
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ignorance that can easily be remedied through diligence & reasonable efforts.
1. VINCIBLE IGNORANCE
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ignorance which an individual may have without being aware of it, or, having knowledge of it, simply lacks necessary means to correct and solve it.
ignorance that is unconquerable, and thus, not correctible.
2.INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE
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4 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING IGNORANCE
- Invincible ignorance renders an act involuntarily - a person cannot be held morally responsible if she is not aware of the state of her ignorance
- Vincible ignorance does not destroy, but lessens the voluntariness & accountability of the act
- Affected or pretended ignorance does not excuse a person from her bad actions; on the contrary it actually increases their malice and accountability.
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a strong / powerful feeling or emotion. the desire of a person in doing an act.
PASSION AND CONCUPISCENCE
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passion that precede an act it may happen that a person is emotionally aroused to perform an act.
1. ANTECEDENT PASSION
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Passion that a the person concerned who willfully acts following his/her passion, allows himself to be completely controlled by it and hence, is considered morally responsible for it.
2. CONSEQUENT PASSION
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the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself or loved ones” (Agapay, 2008)
FEAR
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4 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING FEAR
- Human acts done “with” fear are voluntary.
- The persons concerned remains morally responsible of their actions.
- Human acts done “because of” intense fear or panic are simply involuntary.
- The doer of the act is not morally accountable of their action.
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physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling the said person to act against its will.”
VIOLENCE
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Any act where great and brutal force is inflicted to a person constitutes violence.
VIOLENCE
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4 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING VIOLENCE
- Any action resulting from violence is simply involuntary.
- This just depends on the will while doing the act.
- When the victim experiences so much fear in the face of unjust aggressor who is armed & dangerous, she is not held responsible.
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constant & easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act the readiness,
born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner”
HABIT
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2 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING HABITS
Actions that becomes habit without attempting to correct the habit (if it is bad) holds a moral accountability to the doer of the action.
When a person decides to fight their habit, for as long as efforts towards their purpose continues, actions resulting from such habit entails that the person is not morally responsible.
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