Bio 20-1 Course Review (condensed)

In the distal tubule and the collecting ducts

ADH and alderstrone

Active transport

The return of Na, Cl and glucose  from the tubules into the capillaries

H2O will be pulled out of the urine track and back into the blood by diffusion

Blood pressure puts small substance in your blood into the bowman's capsule

The liver

urea

Kidney, ureters, bladder, uretha

CO2 enters the blood from cells, and turned into carbonic acid by plasma which then turns into bicarbonate which is breathed out

Contracts (breathing in) to make room for air and relaxes (breathing out)

A slower breathing and heart rate

An increased breathing and heart rate

by diffusion

water

Mouth/Nose, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli

When a mother's second child has a different blood type and a immunity has been built up from the first baby

What makes blood positive or negative, negative can give to positive, positive cant give to negative

A virus that kills helper t cells so they cannot wake up killer t to fight infection

Vaccines contain the antigen of virus which are given to the body to make antibodies

Antibiotics work against bacteria, Vaccine attack viruses, vaccines cannot cure a viruse

A injection of antibodies with low doses of snake venom

Macrophages find and eat a infection cell, they then send a signal to helper b and t cells, helper t wakes up killer t to fight the infection and helper b uses the data to make antibodies to fight the infection. After, most b and t cells die off, but memory b remains to store data

no antigen, AB antibodies (universal giver)

Ab antigen, no antibodies (universal acceptor)

B antigen, A antibodies

A antigen, B antibodies,

The liquid part of blood that will take CO2 cells to the lungs

Cells that cause blood clots by turning into thromblin

Blood cells that fight infection in the body, they make up about 1% of the body.

Blood cells that carry O2 to the body, made from iron with hemoglobin. They lack a nucleus

red blood cells

Plasma

CO2

What causes heart muscles to contract when they receive the sa signal

what the electric signal from the sa node travels through

Transferring the signal from the sa node between the ventricles

Sends an electric signal to tell the heart muscles to contract

Av valves closing (lub) Sa valves closing (dub)

The fluid that holds the cells in the capillaries

Veins, valves stop the blood from flowing backwards

Capillaries

Carry oxygen poor blood to the heart

Carry blood with oxygen away from the heart

The large intestine

The large intestine

Duodenum (entrance), lleum (middle), Jejunum(exit)

The small intestine

triggers the release of bile from the liver, pancreas juice for digestion

Triggers the release of stomach acids

The process of increasing surface area of a food and adding saliva

13-14

1-3

• Starch-Mouth
• Proteins-the stomach
• Lipids-small intestine

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

• Translucent test-lipids(fats)
• Biuret test-proteins
• Iodine-Starch
• Benedict's reagent-mono and dissacharides

no

An active enzyme can begin digestion of foods, an inactive one cannot

Fossils, Radio scoping (direct), Embryology, comparing structures (indirect)

The same evolution happening in two different areas

The same basic structure for two different species

Similar functions that have different orgins

• 1.Overproduction
• 2.Competition
• 3.Variation
• 4.Natural Selection

Survival of the fittest

The evolutionary path a living organism takes

The process of a population changing over time

Shallow warm lakes with a great number of animals and plants

Deep and cold lakes with little animals and plants

The forest with the greatest diversity of life

Mostly fields which rich soil

Hot sandy areas with little water

Big forests where little light can hit the floor

Perma Frost area, little growth

A very large biome

A community with abiotic factors

Many different populations living in the same area

Organisms that are similar and can interbreed to produce offspring

A group of the same individuals in the same place at the same time

Population, Species, Community, Biome, Ecosystem

Organisms that rely on others to be their food source

Organisms that can feed themselves by creating their own food (plants)

Abiotic is not living and Biotic is living

• 1.Producer (plants)
• 2.Primary consumer (Herbivore, omnivore)
• 3.Secondary consumer (carnivore, omnivore) (this level continuous for any more consumers 
• 4. Decomposes (fungus)

About 10%

Solar Energy, Plants(glucose)

C6H12O6 +6 O2 ——>6 CO2+ 6 H2O

Fertilisers getting into water supplies and killing aquatic life

Unnatural chemicals from us are polluting animal foods and then poisoning animals

Emission of fossil fuels lowers the pH of the environment causing rain to be more acidic

UV radiation slipping into the earth as we deplete the ozone layer from fossil fuels

absorbs uv radiation from the sun and releases energy as heat

Trap's heat near earth's surface

The atmosphere that contain's weather and life

The region that has the ozone layer

The end of the atmosphere where gases are no longer present

The upper area of the atmosphere that has Aurora Boerlais

The area above the atmosphere that contains earth's magnetic field

cannot exchange or matter or energy with anyone

Exchange energy but not matter with an outside system

Exchange matter and energy with an outside system

denaturation (the loss of hydrogen ions), this effects active site

They catalyze (speed up) reactions and allow reactions to happen at lower temperatures with less energy

Proteins

Fermination and Glycosis

Net 36

Aerboic breaks down glucose with O2, Anaerobic can not

Input (Glucose and O2), Output (ATP and CO2)

The krebs cycle

The mitochondria

Takes NADH and FADH and makes NAD FAD and ATP in the mitchondral membrane

Takes pyruvic acid, NAD, FAD, ADP to make NADH, ATP, FADH in the mitochondrial matrix

takes pyruvic acid and ATP and makes Acetyl Co A and ADP in the matrix of the cell

Takes Glucose, ATP, NAD and makes pyruvic acid, 4 ATP and 1NADH in the cytoplasm

Takes pyruvate and makes H2O + CO2 and 36 ATP in the matrix of the cell

Takes pyruvate and makes Lactic acid (animal cell) or Ethanol and CO2 (Yeast) and 2 ATP (both) in the cytoplasm

Accepts and transfers H+ electrons

Adenosine triphosphate used as energy for everything cell related

ADP, NAD+, carbohydrates

O2, ATP, NADPH

Surround a chlorophyll and absorb any non light energy and transfer it to the chlorophyll

An electron is excited by light in PSII and is sent down the ETC by redox reactions until it reaches PSI, same thing happens again, until it reaches the final electron acceptor (oxygen) and makes H2O for cellular respiration

A packet of light energy

H2O is split by photolysis into H+ which is Combined with NAD to make NADH

Converted into a carbohydrate

6CO2+6H2O+Light energy=C6H12O6+6CO2

The chloroplast

The process of obtaining ATP from cellular respiration

A chain that passes on an electron by redox reactions to a photosystem or a final electron acceptor

The process of breaking chemical bonds from light energy

Proteins that absorb light energy from photosynthesis to excite an electron to be passed down an electron transport chain

The permanent shape change of a protein

The temporary shape change of a protein

Hydrogen bonds

peptide bonds

• 1.Primary-line of amino acids
• 2.Secondary-sheet of amino acids
• 3.Tertiary-coils or 3d proteins
• 4.Quarternary-a group of protein together

eight, these are gotten from plant and animal fats

The two cholesterol types, HDL (good) can unclog tubes from LDL (bad)

They break apart into 3 fatty acids, which can lower pH

Lipids found on cell membranes

• A form of lipid, has two forms:
• 1.Saturated-Animal fats
• 2.Unsaturated-Plant fats

In starch

A inorganic molecule that cannot be broken down by human bodies

Monosaccharides (Glucose) Disasaccharides (Lactose, Maltose, Fructose) Polysaccharides (starch)

Carbohydrates

Molecules that contain carbon

Molecules that do not contain carbon

Death

Hydrogen

A reaction that builds up a larger molecule

A reaction that breaks down a larger molecule

Metabolism

Smaller cells are better at absorbing as they have a greater surface area compared to internal volume

The process of a cell engulfing a solid particle and breaking it down

ATP energy

The passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient

Selective diffusion

Any side that has more molecules and the other causing diffusion

The process of molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration trying to reach an equilbrium.

Glycoproteins

Light capturing pigment cells (chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

Provide structure support and shape for a cell

20

Amino Acids

Small sacs at the end of golgi bodies, they break down foods

Small sacs at the end of golgi bodies that release proteins

The storage and protein processors for the cell

The place of cellular respiration and the place of ATP production for the cell

The cells in plants and animals

Bacteria that lacks a membrane