Bio 20-1 Year Review

The protective mucus layer will break down and expose the stomach. Histamine can be released and increase blood flow, this will cause more tissue to be burned

The enzyme that digests protein

A protective covering of the stomach, it will kill bacteria and activate pepsin in the body

The stomach connects the espohagus to the duodenum of the small intestine. It starts protein digestion. The stomach will break down food chemically and physcially

The gate that controls the movement of food to the stomach and air to the lungs

The involuntary transport of bolus through the mouth and to the stomach by rhythmic movements called peristalsis

Will physically break down the bolus in mouth

Produces saliva to break down down food (bolus) and form a wet ball. The begining of starch and carb digestion

removal of undigested material

Cells take up small molecules

The process of breaking food down

The act of eating

Esophagus, Bile duct, Stomach, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum/Anus, Appendix, Duodem, Gall Bladder, Liver, Sub-mandibular salivary glad

The activation of the last enzyme, in order to start the metabolic pathway

The final product of a metabolic pathway, inhibits future production

Substances that compete for active site with substrate

The more substrate in enzymes, the more collisions and the more reactions

Each enzyme has an ideal pH they work best in, in other pHs the enzyme will not be as effective or may become denatured

pH, substrate concentration, Temperature and competitive inhibitors

Organic molecules that will help an enzyme bond

Inorganic molecules that help an enzyme bond

An enzyme can change its shape to fit into a specific substrate

The substance that will bond with the enzyme

The site of reaction on an enzyme

Protein catalysts that permit low temp reactions by reducing the activation energy

Speed up the rate of reactions

reacts with pepides and turns a darker purple colour.

fats will turn paper greasy and see through. sudan IV is soluble in fats

brown iodine turns black

simple reducing sugars with heat will change a carb's colour. Positive blue benedict turns orangey black

Heat, pH level and radiation

permanently changing the shape of a protein

temporally changing the shape or function of a protein, but it will change back

splits a protein to make amino acids

forming peptides to make proteins (covalent bonds)

Instrumental in everything we do (movement) made from 20 amino acids joining together

Good cholesterol, can unclog artieries

Bad cholesterol (clogs arteries)

A double layered spear used made from phospholipids, it can be used to put drugs into the body past the immune system

Cholesterol and other hormones like steroids

Insoluble in water

A union of two fatty acids instead of three, the third one is replaced by a phosphate. They have hydrophobic (fat) tails and hydrophilic (phosphate) heads. They form a circle

Union of three fatty acids. When saturated (fat) they are stable and hard to break down. When unsaturated they are easy for bodies to break down

Non-polar (insoluble in polar substances) lipids come from glycerol and fatty acids made from dehydration synthesis. They can act as energy reservoirs storing excess glycogen. There are four types: triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and sterols

Humans can easily break down glycogen, can somewhat break down starch and cannot break down cellulose. This is due to cross branching, which the more there is, the harder it is to break down

Chemicals that have the same formula, but arranged in a different order

Many monosaccharides put together, in animals converted to glycogen then fat, in plants it is stored in starch

Two monosaccharides put together by dehydration synthesis

compounds with one sugar, glucose, fructose and galactose

The bodies main energy source, any not used is stored as fat

Multiple monomers coming together to form a larger chemical compound

A single molecule that can react with other monomers

Molecules containing carbon, carbs, proteins, fats and lipids

molecules that have no carbon, water and vitamins

A pH greater than 7. There is more hydroxide ions then hydrogen ions

A pH less than 7. There is more hydrogen ions then hydroxide ions

a pH of 7. Mixing acids and bases to have an equal amount. There is an equal amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

A larger compound is built from smaller ones

A larger compound is broken into a smaller one

Occurs in the cytoplasm of animal cells when there is no more O2. This process regenerates NAD for glycolysis.

• 1.Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, sugar is split to get 2NADH, 4ATP and 2pyruvate.
• 2.Pyrivate Oxidation: occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, breaks down 2pyruvate to get 2NADH, 2CO2, 2acetyl-CO. 
• 3.Kerbs cycle, happens once for each acetyl-co, breaks it down and makes 6NADH, 2ATP, 2FADH2, 4CO2.
• 4.Electron transport chain, passes down 2FADH2 and 6NADH to oxygen, to make H2O

An anaerobic pathway for releasing energy that does not need an electron transport system

A pathway for releasing energy that uses an electron transport system, but not oxygen as a final acceptor

A pathway for releases energy that uses an electron transport system and oxygen as a final electron acceptor

the space between the inner and outer membrane

The site of ATP production, between the matrix and uses cristae folds to increases size

Fluid-filled space, the center of mitochondria

The site of cellular respiration.

1.Carbon fixation, each carbon in 6CO2 gets bonded to a five carbon ribulose biphosphate (RUBP) by Rubisco. This creates 6 carbon compounds, which break down into 12, 3 stable carbon compounds. 2.Reduction. The three carbon compounds are activated by ATP and reduced by NAPPH to produce 12 moles of PGAL. 2 of them leave the carbon cycle and are used to make one glucose molecule that plants use. 3.The remaining 10 are turned back into RuBP by ATP

• 1.Photolysis splits H2O into hydrogen and electrons, this happens in the thylakoid lumen
• 2.Each electron takes a chlorophy II molecule in the photosystem II
• 3.Pigment molecules in the PSII transfer light into chlorophyll a, which excites the electron.
• 4.The electron is then sent down the electron transport chain, by redox reactions
• 5.The electron chain reaches photosystem I and is excited again
• 6.The electron goes through the ETS again until it reaches the final electron acceptor
• 7.NADP is reduced and uses the electron to form NADPH
• 8.energy released from the transfer of the electron is used to move protons across the stomta to the thylakiod lumen
• 9.H in the thylakiod is turned into a proton through chemiosmosis.
• 10.Energy is used to join ADP and PI to create ATP

A process used to some organisms to feed themselves, it has two types of reactions: light dependent reactions which use ATP and NADPH. Light independent reactions, Which use ATP to reduce carbon dioxide and make glucose

Chemical compounds that absorb all but one wavelength, reflecting it. This is why colour is a thing. In plants that absorb solar energy for photosynthesis

The surrounding fluid on thylakoids and where light independent reactions take place

The place of light dependant reactions on a cell, have pigment molecules

When an atom or molecule gains an electron

When an atom or molecule loses an electron

involving oxidation and reduction

break down larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy

Synthesize large molecules from smaller ones and require energy

Specialised proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

Large numbers of controlled reactions that take place in living cells, in which one reaction will cause the next one

• 1.Active Transport: transporting molecules across the membrane against concentration gradient 
• 2.Cytoplasmic Streaming: the movement of organelles within cytoplasm
• 3.Endocytosis and Exocytosis: taking and moving large molecules across a cell
• 4.Biochemical Synthesis: putting new molecules together
• 5.Muscle contractions: Movement of proteins in a cell
• 6.Heat Production: Keeps an organism at a temp needed to live

All living things use stored energy to create ATP, that can be used for cellular activities

When they die they fall to the bottom of the lake creating more nutrients

• 1.Bacteria
• 2.Dissolved oxygen
• 3.Oxygen demand

Life, less O2, algae on water

No life, high O2 levels, clear water

An increase of food for plants in aquatic ecosystems

A build up of dead matter on forest floors, it acts as fuel for forest fires

only cutting down every other tree to save forest

Competition within a species

Competition between different species

factors that effect a populations size

Factors that effect a population regardless of their size i.e fire

The tolerance of a species to survive, some may have higher tolerance than others

The number of individuals of a species that can be supported at a time in an ecosystem

A factor that can limit a species biotic potential

The maximum number of offspring a species could produce if they have unlimited resources

• 1.Soil: determines plant diversity and bio diversity
• 2. Available water: All organisms need water to live
• 3.Temp and sunlight: Plants and animals need to adapt to the current temp

• 1.Chemical
• 2.Temp and sunlight
• 3.Water Pressure
• 4. Seasonal variations

The aquatic area where no more light can hit the water, the only food is other animals and broken down plants. Very little O2

The aquatic ecosystem after the littoral, light is still able to reach it, there is little/no floor and manly consists of plankton.

The aquatic ecosystem that is the closet to the shore, it is the most productive part of the lake and plants can grow from it

As 2/3 of the planet is water, there are alot of aquatic ecosystems as light and O2 level vary

A new species that enters an ecosystem that not supposed to be there

When a new species enters an ecosystem, it can create competition as only one species can fill a niche. Either the better adapted animal will win and the original species will die out or the original species will find a new niche

A transitional neutral area between two different ecosystems. The barrier does not always have to be distinct.

An animals's job in an ecosystem, no two organisms can have the exact same niche

Speciation will take place slowly and over time, with many transition species inbetween

When a physical barrier separates a population causes the two groups to evolve in different ways until the two are completely different from one another

When a new species is formed due to reproductive isolation

When a majority of a species has a new trait

An evolutionary process that leaves the individuals with the best traits, or most beneficial to reproduce and pass them on. These traits will become more common and soon become the norm.

A mutation that could be good in certain context, but could be bad in another

A mutation resulting in a less fit organism, making them more likely not to pass on the gene

The most rare type, giving an individual an advantage, making them more likely to live and reproduce to pass it on. (natural selection

Mutations with no positive or negative effects. i.e, human hair color

A random change from an error in DNA, this is the only process necessary for evolution as it is the only process that can create new traits

Offspring will inherit a mix of characteristics from two parents, the offspring will never be identical to one parent, this causes more variation in a species

The offspring is made from a direct copy of the parents DNA

A species adapting to fit a specific environment

1.Species can exhibit many inherit variations. 2.Every generation produces more offspring than will survive to reproduce 3.Species tend to remain at a stable size naturally.

The first theory of evolution, he believed that there was a force that animals used to change themselves to survive in an environment in real time

Proposed the idea that all life came from a single source

Proposed the idea that species could become hybrids that formed new life

Proposed the idea that species could change over time

evolution among many different species

Evolution within a spcies

The process of humans selecting and breeding organisms for desired traits

Difference in amino acids in the hemoglobin in our bodies show how closely related we are to some animals. i.e, animals like monkeys have few hemoglobin differences from us while frogs will have alot more.

A structure that has become reduced or useless with evolution. It used to be important or play a role in the past

Similar function and structure in different animals, but do not have the same evolutionary origin. i.e bird wings vs bat wings

Similar structure among different animals that have different functions. i.e Human arms, dog legs, whale fins, bat wings

Organisms have similarities due to common ancestry

The study of embryos. An idea supporting biogeography from this is, that we and other animals have similar embryos in early development stages, but we become different as the embryo develops. In short, new instructions are put on top of old ones

The idea that the diversity of life on earth's surface all evolved from similar species while the continents had not split yet. This is shown from similar fossil being found around different parts of the earth.

A record of fossils that show the change of an organism overtime, complete fossil records are rare however

A fossil of any organism that can be used to show the evolution of that organism. Can also be used in radiometric dating to find the age

Organisms with more beneficial traits will have a better chance or surviving and passing on those traits

The change in frequency of a trait in a gene pool

A key to classify organisms by a set of yes or no questions until you reach one specific organism

Multicellular heterotrophs with no cells walls and reproduce sexually. Are terrestrial and aquatic

Multicellular autotrophs that reproduce sexually and asexually, they are terrestrial and have cell walls

Multicellular heterotrophs that contain cell walls and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Are terrestrial

A simple cell organism that does not contain a nucleus

A simple cell organism that contains a nucleus

Mostly single celled organisms that have a nucleus. They can be both autotrophs and heterotrophs and reproduce both sexually and asexually. They live in aquatic environments

Heterotroph bacteria that can live in extreme conditions, hot springs, salt lakes and animal guts. They have cell walls

The truest simple organism, a bacteria that lacks a nucleus, have a cell walls and reproduce asexually. They can live anywhere can be heterotrophs or autotrophs

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

If two animals share a genus name, then they are closely related to one another

• 1.Start with the Genus name (specific name), with a capital letter 
• 2.Species name (second name, the general group) with a lower case letter
• 3.If writing by hand, underline each word but not the space inbetween and if typing put the name in italics.

The genus name can be used alone the species name cannot be

the field of science that deals with naming and classifying animals. This system has two goals identify organisms and provide a basis for natural groupings of organisms

The amount of variation in inherited traits between individuals of the same species

The number of different species

Nitrogen is the sky is absorbed into the ground and turned into NH4 by ammonification bacteria. This can be taken by plants (assimilation) or turned into NO2 then NO3 by nitrifying bacteria which can also be absorbed by plants or is then turned back into Nitrogen by denitrifying bacteria. If gone into plants, the nitrogen will then move into whatever has eaten the black and then comes back into the soil from poo or the organism dying. The roots of legume plants can turn nitrogen in the soil into NO3

• 1.lighting fuses nitrogen in the air with water in the air making nitrates
• 2.bactera in the soil turn nitrogen in the atmosphere into ammonium (NH4) which is given to plants and turned into NO3 by assimulation
• 3.bacteria in the roots of legumes absorbs nitrogen in soil and turns it into NO3 for the plant to uses

Our atmosphere is about 79%  nitrogen, but this gas is not useful and must be turned into nitrates (NO3) to be useful, this happens in a process called nitrogen fixing

Usually carbon dioxide levels change little from year to year. About 3.5 billion years ago the earth had alot more CO2 in the atmosphere as small microscopic bacteria consumed the CO2 and started making methane, increasing the temp more. Greenhouse gas built up, blocking the light and stopping the methane production

Light surfaces reflect sunlight and dark surfaces will absorb it. Because of global warming, the ice melts and cannot be reflected back as it has a high albedo. Albedo normally keeps the planet nice and cool, but the lack of forest and ice caps make us warmer.

Humans mining  and using fossil fuels will release carbon from organic carbon reservoirs. This build up of carbon dioxide helps cause global warming

A place that activity puts carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere

Where carbon dioxide is stored out of the atmosphere

Mushy dirt that can store carbon in it's organic form, this will create peat, acidic mushy soil that can be used to create fossil fuels, they have little decomp

The bodies of living things. When you die, this carbon is returned to the carbon cycle as inorganic carbon

It can be stored in the atmosphere, ocean and the earth's crust

Found in the atmosphere and ocean as carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is inorganic and plants and animals will turn it into carbon, which is turned back by cellular respiration

Pollution being released into the sky, resulting in acid rain from the clouds mixing with sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide

It can pollute it

As water flows through soil, some of it is absorbed

The rock underneath the earth, where water can flow no more

The speed at which water passes through substances, the bigger the space, the easier it is to move. This pulls water particle down in soil

Condensation (clouds group), Precipitation (rain), Evaporation (water is absorbed) , transpiration (water turns to clouds)

Why water molecules can stick to other surfaces.

The shape of water causes other water molecules to be pulled towards it.

A polar molecule, one side is slightly negative, and the other is positive, resulting in high surface tension. (this is the reason for the bent shape)

It exists in all three states, frozen water floats, while most other solid versions of substances sink and water has high surface tension. Water has high melting and boiling point

Since matter cannot be created or destroyed, molecules will work their way through many different substances

The process of cultivating one species instead of several, this results in less biodiversity. i.e, corn

• 1.Energy can't be created or destroyed, only transferred
• 2.Every energy transfer results in a lost of some energy.

Used to show energy transfer in a food chain

the total dried mass of living material in a trophic level. This is used to see how many nutrients are in a system

What represents the number of each organisms at each tropic level, normally it will become smaller as you go higher up, but consider that one tree can thousands of bugs and birds

CO2+H2O+H2S--->C6H12O6+H2SO4

C6H12O6+O2-->CO2+H2O+Light energy

The source of most energy in the food web. CO2+H2O+Light Energy---->C6H12O6+O2

The levels that energy flows through in an ecosystem. The first level would be plants, followed by herbivores, then first level carnivores and finally second level carnivores

A species that is sensitive to change in the ecosystem and can be used to tell if change is occurring

The number of different species in a existing ecosystem. The more species there are in biodiversity the better.

A big ecosystem

A community with abiotic factors included

Different populations in the same area at the same time

A group of the same individuals in the same area at the same time

The average population of a species will always remain in the same area and there will always be more food than eaters

Only about ten percent of energy is obtained in a food chain from one step to another, energy is lost at every step

A linear chain of energy transfer between organisms, it must have at least one consumer and one producer

Organisms they eat producers and are dependant on them to make their food. They will keep the population of what they eat under control so over hunting can interfere with the ecosystem.

Organisms that can produce their own food via the sun (photosynthesis) and chemicals (chemosynthesis) , mainly but not always plants. They make food for others, the first part on the food chain

The non living part of the biosphere

The living components in the biosphere

Air that can support life

water that has life

The land that has life

The tiny area in earth where life can exists, has three zones

the idea that small changes are continuously occurring, these events happen without disturbing the entire system

All living things interact with each other and interact with non-living things