-
-
Non-scientific ideas
an idea not supported by scientific evidence
-
Anecdote
a short personal account of an event
-
Opinion
a judgement that is not necessarily based on proof
-
-
Model
the live, pre-recorded or symbolic person being observed
-
Aim
a statement about wat the researcher intends to investigate
-> describes purpose of the study
-
Hypothesis
a statement predicting the probable outcomes of an investigation
-
Population
the wider group of people that a study is investigating
-
Independent variable
the variable that is being manipulated (controlled/changed) by the researcher
-
Dependent variable
the variable that is being measured by the researcher
-
Controlled variables
a variable that is held constant to ensure that the only influence on the dependent variable is the independent variable
-
Controlled experiment
an experimental investigation of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable, in which all other variables are controlled
-
Case study
Type of research investigation that focuses on a particular person or event, which is studied in-depth
-> usually involves direct observation and gathering of qualitative data, and provides insight into a particular psychological phenomenon
-
Correlational studies
scientific investigation that involves measuring variables in an uncontrolled/natural setting to identify and understand any relationships that may exist between them
-
-
Classification and identification
a type of investigation that involves arranging phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets, and recognising phenomena as belonging to a particular set or a new or unique set
-
Fieldwork
a type of investigation that involves collecting information through observing and interacting with a selected environment
-
Literature review
a type of investigation that involves collating and analysing secondary data findings and viewpoints
-
Modelling
a type of investigation in which a physical or conceptual model is constructed and/or manipulated to simulate a system
-
Product, process, or system development
a type of investigation in which a product, a process or a system is designed to meet a human need
-
-
Experimental group
the group that is exposed to the independent variable and receives the experimental treatment
-
Control group
the group that forms a baseline level to compare the experimental group with
-
-
Between-subjects design
an investigation design in which participants are randomly allocated to either the control or the experimental group
-
Mixed-design
an investigation design that combines elements of a between and a within subjects design
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Convenience sampling
- using people that are convenient to recruit for a sample
- -> e.g. family, friends, people in a certain area/building
-
-
-
Allocation
dividing a sample into groups in an investigation
-
-
Extraneous variable
a variable other than the independent variable that may have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable ad results of an investigation
-
Confounding variable
an unwanted variable that has affected the results of an investigation
-
Participant-related variables
-
-
-
-
-
Non-standardised instructions and procedures
-
Sampling size and procedures
-
-
-
-
-
Standardised testing conditions and procedures
-
Primary data
data collected through first-hand research for an intended purpose
-
-
Quantitative data
data that includes measurable values and quantities and can be compared on a numerical scale
-
Qualitative data
data that describes characteristics and qualities
-
-
-
-
Measures of central tendency
a category of statistics that describes the central value of a set of data
-
Mean
a statistic that is the average value of a set of data
-
Median
the middle value in an ordered set of data
-
Mode
the value that occurs the most frequently within a set of data
-
Outlier
aa value that lies a long way from other results
-
Measures of variability
a category of statistics that describe the distribution of data
-
-
-
Accuracy
how close a measurement is to the true value
-
-
Precision
how close a set of measurement values are to each other
-
-
-
-
-
-
Internal validity
whether a study investigates what it sets out or claims to investigate
-
External validity
whether the results of research can be applied to similar individuals in a different setting
-
Conclusion
a statement about the findings of a study, which addresses the aim and hypothesis
-
Beneficence
an ethical concept involving the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks and harms
-
Integrity
an ethical concept involving the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and the honest reporting of all sources of information and results
-
Justice
an ethical concept involving fair consideration of competing claims, no unfair burden on a particular group, and fair access to benefits of an action
-
Non-maleficence
an ethical concept involving the avoidance of causing harm
-
-
Confidentiality
an ethical guideline that ensures participants remain anonymous, and their personal information is kept private, protected and secure throughout the study
-
Informed consent
an ethical guideline conducted before a study begins; participants agree to participate after they have received all the details of the study, including the purpose, procedures and potential risks
-
-
Debriefing
an ethical guideline involving provision of information to participants at the end of the study, including the true aims, results and conclusions,, and answering any questions, clarifying misunderstandings or deception, and providing support to ensure no lasting harm
-
-
|
|
