Drugs for Upper Respiratory Disorders

Often called Hay Fever

A cold is most contagious _ to _ days before the onset of
symptoms (the incubation period) and during the first _ days
of the cold.

The common cold is caused by the ___ and affects
primarily the ______.

Allergic Rhinitis is caused by

Upper respiratory infections (URIs)

4 drug groups used to manage cold symptoms include:

Most prevalent type of URI

Acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose usually
accompanies the common cold.

H1 blockers or H1 antagonists, compete with
histamine for receptor sites, preventing a histamine response.

The two types of histamine receptors

The extravascular smooth muscles, including those lining the nasal cavity, are constricted when this Histamine receptor is stimulated.

There is an increase in gastric secretions occurs, which is a
cause of peptic ulcer when this Histamine receptor is stimulated.

Antihistamines decrease nasopharyngeal secretions by blocking which receptor.

Most antihistamines are rapidly absorbed in ____ minutes, but they are not potent enough to combat _____.

Generation of Antihistamines that have fewer anticholinergic effects and a lower incidence of drowsiness.

___________ contain a first-generation antihistamine,
which can cause drowsiness; therefore patients should be
alerted not to ___________ or __________  when
taking such medications

Which generation of antihistamines cause drowsiness, dry mouth, and other anticholinergic symptoms.

Antihistamines are not useful in emergency situations such
as _________.

The anticholinergic properties of most antihistamines cause ________ and _______ making them useful in treating rhinitis caused by the common cold.

Decrease the nasal itching and tickling that cause sneezing

Frequently called nonsedating antihistamines because they have little to no effect on sedation.

The second-generation antihistamines with half-lives between 7 and 25 hours.

A second-generation antihistamine that has a half-life of 22 hours and is administered by nasal spray.

Results from dilation of nasal blood vessels caused by infection, inflammation, or allergy

Nasal congestion results from

stimulate the alpha-adrenergic receptors, producing vascular constriction (vasoconstriction) of the capillaries within the nasal mucosa.

Result of vascular constriction (vasoconstriction) of the capillaries within the nasal mucosa

Nasal decongestants are administered by

Frequent use of decongestants, especially nasal sprays or drops, can result in

Rebound nasal congestion is caused by

First-Generation Antihistamines (9)

Second-Generation Antihistamines

First Generation Antihistamine: Alkylamine Derivatives (3)

First-Generation Antihistamines: Ethanolamine Derivatives (2)

First-Generation Antihistamines: Piperidine Derivatives

First-Generation Antihistamines: Piperazine Derivatives

First-Generation Antihistamines: Other Antihistamines

Contraindications of Diphenhydramine (Antihistamine)

Drug-Lab-Food Interactions of Diphenhydramine (Antihistamine)

Oral form of Diphenhydramine must be taken with _______ to decrease _________.

Available forms of Systemic decongestants (alpha-adrenergic agonists) (3)

Drug used primarily for allergic rhinitis, including hay fever and acute coryza (profuse nasal discharge)

are frequently combined with an antihistamine, analgesic, or antitussive in oral cold remedies.

Ephedrine, phenylephrine, and pseudoephedrine are frequently
combined with an _____, ______, ______  in oral cold remedies

Type of decongestants that usually act promptly
and cause fewer side effects than systemic decongestants.

Relieve nasal congestion for a longer period.

The incidence of side effects from decongestants is low with ___________
such as ___________.

Decongestants can make a patient _____, ______ or _______. These side effects decrease or disappear as the body adjusts to the drug.

Use of nasal decongestants for as little as _ days could result in ________.

For Decongestants, The nurse should emphasize the importance of

As with any alpha-adrenergic drug (e.g., decongestants),
_________ and __________ levels can increase

As with any _______________,
blood pressure and blood glucose levels can increase.

These drugs are contraindicated or used with extreme caution in
patients with hypertension, cardiac disease, hyperthyroidism,
and diabetes mellitus.

Decongestant that may decrease the effect of beta blockers.

Decongestant when taken together with monoamine oxidase
inhibitors (MAOIs) may

-Note only-

also known as steroids, are effective for treating allergic rhinitis

These drugs may be used alone or in combination with an H1 antihistamine

Because these nasal glucocorticoids are steroids, they have an _________ action, thus decreasing the allergic rhinitis symptoms of _____, _____, ____(3)

Intranasal Glucocorticoids/Steroids (6)

Systemic Decongestants

Nasal Decongestants (3)

It is rare for systemic effects of steroids to occur, but they are more likely to result with the use of _______________, which should not be used for longer than __ days.

Act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex.

A naturally protective way to clear the airway of secretions or any collected
material.

Antitussive may be taken when cough is

may decrease the constant, irritating cough

a nonnarcotic antitussive that is widely used in OTC cold remedies.

3 Types of Antitussives

These drugs loosen bronchial secretions so they can be
eliminated by coughing

True or False. Expectorants can be used with or without other pharmacologic agents
True False

The most common expectorant in OTC cold remedies along with analgesics, antihistamines, decongestants, and antitussives is

The best natural expectorant.

When taking an expectorant, patients should increase fluid intake to at least _ glasses per day to help ___________________.

Drug group that is often subject to abuse.

Opioid (Narcotic) Antitussives

Nonopioid (Nonnarcotic) Antitussives

Expectorants

Antitussive/Expectorant

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of one or more of the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid sinuses.

Drugs for Sinusitis

For acute or severe sinusitis, ________ may be prescribed.

(inflammation of the throat, or “sore throat”) can be caused by a virus, beta-hemolytic streptococci (strep throat), or other bacteria.

Acute Pharyngitis can occur alone or with the _______ and _________ or ______.

In Acute Paryngitis, __________________ should be obtained to rule out beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Routes of administration of Diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine has an average half-life of _____.

is metabolized by the liver and excreted as metabolites in the urine.

Besides being used as a Antihistamine drug, Diphenhydramine can also be used as ________.

This drug was used in many cold remedies in the past, however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ordered its removal from OTC cold remedies and weight-loss aids because reports suggest that the drug might cause stroke, hypertension, renal failure, and cardiac dysrhythmias.

Antitussives are given

Side Effects of Antitussives (5)

Adverse Reaction of Antitussives

Antitussives Drug Forms (3)

Half-life of Dextromethorphan (Antitussive)

True/False. Dextromethorphan (non-narcotic antitussive) causes neither physical dependence nor tolerance.
True False