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It refers to the virtue-based systems, sometimes called virtue or________,or ________
aretaic ethics (from the Greek arete, which we translate 'excellence" or "virtue"), or eudaimonistic ethics.
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emphasizes doing, virtue (agent) ethics emphasizes being, being a certain type of person who will no doubt manifest his or her being in actions or nonactions.
- action-governed (rule-governed)
- ethics
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seek t o produce excellent persons who a c t well out of spontaneous goodness and serve as examples to inspire others.
Virtue ethics
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is the ethical framework that is concerned with understanding the good as a matter of developing the virtuous character of a person.
Virtue ethics
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•Student of Plato in the Academia, Athens
• Gave emphasis on reason as the highest faculty of a person (same with Socrates and Plato)
• Founded his own school, Lyceum because of his intellectual differences with Plato
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
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Aristotle departs from the Platonic theory that the real is outside the realm of the sensory experience and is in the world of forms.
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics
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Aristotle departs from the Platonic theory that the real is outside the__________and__________
realm of the sensory experience and is in the world of forms.
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real as______ and_______
matter and form.
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The good does not exist independent of the ___________in the world.
person's experience
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Telos in relation to man
extrinsic and intrinsic end
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What is the ultimate purpose of a person?
Telos
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Criteria for the ultimate telos:
- a. Final
- b. Self-sufficient
- c. Attainable
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Only __________alone meets these requirements.
happiness (eudaimonia)
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the highest purpose and highest good. The ultimate telos of man.
Eudaimonia
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an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue
Happiness or endaimonia
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"The function of man is an activity of soul which follows or implies a_________”
rational principle
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Aristotle divides human virtue into two types:
- 1. Intellectual virtue
- 2. Moral virtue
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•Act of knowing.
•is seen in wisdom.
•Acquired through teaching, learning.
Intellectual Virtue
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•excellence of knowing what to do.
•necessary for moral virtue.
Phronesis (Practical Wisdom)
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• Acquired through habit.
• Formation of one's character: habitually.
• "We are what we repeatedly do; excellence, then, is a habit."
Moral Virtue
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Virtue lies in the mean or middle between an______ and _______
excess and deficiency.
Excess——virtue——deficiency
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"_______, then, is a state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean, i.e., the mean relative to us, this being determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by which the man of practical wisdom would determine it."
Virtue
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Wrong actions have no _______
Mean
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*note*
•Hence it is hard work to be virtuous, since in each case it is hard work to find what is the mean (mesotes) ...So also getting angry, or giving and spending money, is easy and anyone can do it; but doing it to the right person, in the right amount, at the right time, for the right end, and in the right way is no longer easy, nor can everyone do it. Hence, (doing these things) well is rare, praiseworthy, and fine.
•A virtuous person does not even have to control oneself because one's resolution has been so habituated to always rightly act.
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