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The area in the lungs where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged:
during external respiration, or breathing, oxygen passes from the lungs to the blood in the capillaries
carbon dioxide also passes from the capillaries back into the lungs to be expelled
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nasal septum:
partition separating the right and left nasal cavities
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pharynx:
(also called the throat)
serves as a food and air passageway
air enters from the nasal cavities and passes through the pharynx to the larynx
food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus
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adenoids:
lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity
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larynx:
(also called the voice box)
location of the vocal cords
air enters from the pharynx
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nose:
lined with numerous mucous membrane and fine hairsit
acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air
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paranasl sinuses:
air cavities withen the cranial bones that open into nasal cavities
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tonsils:
lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity
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epiglottis:
flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing
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trachea:
(also called the windpipe)
passageway for air to the bronchi
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bronchus (pl. bronchi):
inferior to the trachea
1 of 2 branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides
the branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a bronchial tree
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bronchioles:
smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree
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alveolus (pl. alveoli):
air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries
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lungs:
2 spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity
the right lung consists of 3 lobes
the left lung consists of 2 lobes
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pleura:
double-folded serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid
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diaphragm:
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
it aids in the breathing process by contracting and pulling air in, then relaxing and pushing air out
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mediastinum:
space between the lungs
- it contains the=
- -heart
- -esophagus
- -trachea
- -great blood vessels
- -and other structures
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Bronch/i, bronch/o:
bronchus
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Pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o:
lung, air
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Sept/o:
septum (wall off, fence)
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Atel/o:
imperfect, incomplete
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Spir/o:
breathe, breathing
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a-, an-:
without or absence of
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-ar, -ary, -eal:
pertaining to
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-cele:
hernia or protrusion
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-centesis:
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
(with a sterile needle)
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-ectasis:
stretching out, dilatation, expansion
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-graphy:
process of recording, radiographic imaging
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-meter:
instrument used to measure
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-pexy:
surgical fixation, suspension
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-rrhagia:
rapid flow of blood
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-scope:
instrument used for visual examination
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-scopic:
pertaining to visual examination
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-scopy:
visual examination
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-spasm
sudden, involuntary muscle contraction (spasmodic contraction)
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-stenosis:
constriction or narrowing
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-stomy:
creation of artificial opening
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-tomy:
cut into or incision
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atelectasis:
incomplete expansion (of the lung of a newborn or collapsed lung)
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adenoiditis:
inflammation of the adenoids
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bronchiectasis:
dilation of the bronchi
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bronchitis:
inflammation of the bronchi
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bronchogenic carcinoma:
cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus
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bronchopneumonia:
diseased state of the bronchi and lungs, usually caused by infection
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diaphragmatocele:
hernia of the diaphragm
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eipglottitis:
inflammation of the epiglottis
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hemothorax:
blood in the chest (pleural space)
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laryngitis:
inflammation of the larynx
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laryngottracheobronchitis (LTB):
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the acute form is called croup)
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lobar pneumonia:
pertaining to the lobe(s); diseased state of the lung (infection of 1 or more lobes of the lung)
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nasopharyngitis:
inflammation of the nose and pharynx
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pharyngitis:
inflammation of the pharynx
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pansinusitis:
inflammation of the sinuses
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pleuritis:
inflammation of the pleura (also called the pleurisy)
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pneumatocele:
hernia of the lung (lung tissue protrudes through an opening in the chest)
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pneumoconiosis:
abnormal condition of dust in the lung
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pneumonia:
diseased state of the lung
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pneumonitis:
inflammation of the lung
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pneumothorax:
air in the chest (pleural space), which causes collapse of the lung
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pyothorax:
(also called empyema)
pus in the chest (pleural space)
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rhinitis:
inflammation of the (mucous membranes) nose
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rhinorrhagia:
(also called epistaxis)
rapid flow of blood from the nose
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rhinomycosis:
abnormal condition of fungus in the nose
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thoracalgia:
pain in the chest
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tonsillitis:
inflammation of the tonsils
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tracheitis:
inflammation of the trachea
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tracheostenosis:
narrowing of the trachea
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asthema:
respiratory disease characterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and constricted airways
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emphysema:
stretching of lung tissue caused by alveoli becoming distended and losing elasticity
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Legionnaire disease:
a lobar pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila
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epistaxis:
nosebleed (synonymous with rhinorrhagia)
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pleural effusion:
excape of fluid into the pleural space as a result of inflammation
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pulmonary edema:
fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles
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pulmonary embolism (pl. emboli) (PE):
foreign matter, such as blood clot, air, or fat clot, carried in the circulation to the pulmonary artery, where it blocks circulation
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laryngoplasty:
surgical repair of the larynx
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laryngectomy:
excision of the larynx
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laryngostomy:
creation of an artificial opening into the larynx
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laryngotreacheotomy:
incision of the larynx and trachea
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thoracotomy:
incision into the chest cavity
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tracheotomy:
creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
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tracheoplasty:
surgical repair of the trachea
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bronchoscope:
instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi
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laryngoscope:
instrument used for visual examination of the larynx
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endoscopy:
visual examination withen a hollow organ or body cavity
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laryngoscopy:
visual examination of the larynx
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oximeter:
instrument used to measure oxygen saturation in the blood
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spirometer:
instrument used to measure breathing or lung volumes
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ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS):
(also called a lung scan)
a nuclear medicine procedure used to diagnose pilmonary embolism and other conditions
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arterial blood gases (ABGs):
a test preformed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases presten
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acapnia:
condition of absence (less than normal level) of carbon dioxide in the blood
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aphonia:
condition of absence of voice
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apnea:
absence of breathing
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dysphonia:
condition of difficult speaking
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dyspnea:
difficult breathing
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hyperpnea:
excessive breathing
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hypercapnia:
condition of excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
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hypocapnia:
condition of deficient carbon dioxide in the blood
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hypopnea:
deficient breathing
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hypoxemia:
condition of deficient oxygen in the blood
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intrapleural:
pertaining to withen the pleura (space between the 2 pleural membranes)
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mucous:
pertaining to mucous
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orthopnea:
able to breathe easier in an upright position
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rhinorrhea:
discharge from the nose
(as in a cold)
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airway:
passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed
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bronchoconstrictor:
agent causing narrowing of the bronchi
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hypoventilation:
ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body's gas exchange needs
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mucopurulent:
containing both mucus and pus
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nebulizer:
device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
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patent:
open (an airway must be patent)
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