Water and pH

Water is H-2-O, meaning that it is held together by Covalent Bonds (sharing electrons). Water is said to be Polar Covalent since there is an unequal sharing of electrons leaving the Hydrogen end partially Positive and the Oxygen end partially Negative. This allows for the attraction of other ions (charged molecules).

Oxygen

Oxygen (because the orbiting electron is around the Oxygen most of the time)

• The Electrons which are shared between the Hydrogen and Oxygen are not Shared Equally
• One end is Partialy Negative and the other end Partialy Positive
• The Bond is located between (within) the connection of the Oxygen and the two Hydrogens

• When one molicule has a Partially Positive charged Hydrogen atom, and it attaches to another molicule that has a Partial Negative Charge.
• They are also Weaker Bonds

It forms Between two water molecules (the H+ attaches to the O- of the H-2-0) resulting in polar covalent bonds within newly formed water

The Water will attach to the ions Negtive and Positive charge and the polar charges of the water will break the ion apart

Yes it is referred to as Electrolytic

• 1st water is the Universal Salvent
• 2nd water Cohesive and Adhesive
• 3rd water resists Changes in Temperature
• 4th water Resist change of State to a Gas
• 5th water becomes less dense when it freezes

• What? Most Substances Dissolve in Water
• Why? Most substances are either ions (charged Atoms) or Polar Covalent Molecules (Unevenly Sharing of Electrons) and their charges allow them to attract the Polar water molecule
• So? Chemical reactions occure more efficiently when molecules are dissolved

• What? Water is attraced to other Water Molecules (cohesive) and attracted to most other Substances (adhesive)
• Why? Because water is polar, it is attracd to itself, and it is attracted to other substances as long as they have a charge
• So? An important result is cappilary action. Water, as well as blood and plant sap, is drawn up norrow capillarey tubs, because it is attracted both to itself and to walls of the tube. This helps blood and plant sap to flow through plant and animal vessels

• What? It takes a large amount of energy to change the temperature of water
• Why? The heating of a substance involves an increase in the movement of the molecules. To speed up water requires the breakdown of hydrogen bonds and therefore requires extra energy
• So? A body of water such as a pond, lake or ocean changes temperature very slowly, thus, making it easyer for aquatic organiss to maintain homeostasis

• What? It takes a relatively large amont of energy to convert liquid water to vapor
• Why? In order for liquid water to go off into air as vapor, Hydrogen Bonds must break, this requires much energy
• So? When sweat evaporates, it takes a relatively large amount of body heat with it, thus cooling the body. Evaporation of water from the ocean also cools the earth

• What? When water freezes, it weighs less per volume then when it was liquid. This means that ice is Lighter then water
• Why? When water freezes each water molecule formes relatively Permanent Hydrogen Bonds with 4 other water molecules. This lattice structure forces the water moleule further apart from each other than in liquid water where bonds are constently forming and breaking
• So? when water freezes, the ice floats. therfore life can continue to exist in ponds under the ice.

• Hydrogen, H+
• Hydroxide OH-

the number will be equal

• Hydrogen, H+
• Hydroxide, OH-

• ph of Pure Water is pH7
• Because the Hydrogen and Hydroxide consentration is Equal

pH7

Hidrogen

Hhdroxide

Covalent Bond (sharing of electrons)

More Electronegative therefore Oxygen aquires a partial Positive charge, alowing for a Polar Covalent Bond

Week

Dissociate or Ionize into a Na+ and Cl-

Electrolyte or Electrolyic

A solution which reacts with Hydrogen or Hydroxide ions in order to resist change in pH (becoming too Acidic or Basic)

Acidic

Basic

Acids

Bases