LCS OOD

• -Cheap
• -easy to work with
• -Degrades in weather and loses strength
• -Breaking strength 1/4" line = 540 lbs

• Weakest natural line
• -Breaking strength 1/4" line = 385 lbs.

• -Stretch 50% of its length before parting
• -Developed to replace silk parachute lines
• -Snap back risk
• -Breaking strength 1/4" line = 1500 lbs

• -Stretches very little and can't absorb shock loads
• -Resistant to environment
• most popular general rope in marine industry
• -Breaking strength 1/4" line = 1200 lbs.

• -Safer than Nylon, no snap
• -Does not float
• -Expensive
• -Does not bend repeatedly
• -Does not tolerate chafe well
• -Degrades in sunlight, requires jacket or sleeve
• -Breaking strength 1/4" line = 6600 lbs

• -What the Navy uses
• -40% stronger than Kevlar line
• -Almost no stretch
• -Resistant to corrosive chemicals
• -Self lubricating
• -It floats
• -Slippery and resistant to abrasion
• -Breaking strength 1/4" line = 8000 lbs

• -Used for applications that require low stretch
• -It floats
• -Jet ski tow rope
• -Susceptible to UV radiation
• -Breaking strength 1/4" = 1250 lbs

Stop drift away from the pier

Stop FWD/AFT movement

-the length of line relative to other lines

*On LCS2 line #6 is susceptible to surge loads due to its small length

• -Bitts- onship, pair of short steel post or horns on board ship, used to secure lines
• -Bollards- steel or iron post on a dock/pier/wharf used in securing a ship's lines
• -Cleats- an anvil shaped fitting for securing or belaying lines.  Use a locking hitch

• -Horizontal shaft
• -force/axis is parallel to deck
• -riding pawl used as locking mechanism
• -warping head used with turning block

• Horizontal axis of rotation
• -Used for anchor equipment, towling lines or mooring lines
• -MAy be self-tensioning
• -Line is generally stowed on the drum of the wench

• Fenders- used to absorb shock
• Camels- used to hold things apart, provide separation
• Yokohamas- can do both absorb shock and provide separation

• -Vertical axis of rotation- does not need a turning block
• -Less likely to have a wildcat, but more common smaller vessels

30 kts

• -water depth
• -traffic
• -bottom type
• -weather
• -availability of nav aids
• -Drag circle(from anchor to sensor used to determine dragging
• -Swing circle (from anchor to Stern of ship)

The direction/area the ship will show, sure to wind. If something goes wrong which way would you drift

Assumes current/wind are in same direction

Regulations state that "the ship must be able to lie to a single anchor in a steady 70kt wind and a 4knot current in 40 farting with a firm same bottom

• -flukes
• -stock(turns anchor over to dig flukes in)
• -shank

• -Danforth
• -Plow
• -Bruce
• -Rocna
• -Mushroom

1 shot = 15 fathoms = 90 feet

International code Y

½ shot of chain and 12 shots of wire

5-7 times

• ≤2 nm from land
• GPS FOM≤2
• Fix 3 mins

• The deflection right or left of the magnetic
• meridian caused by magnetic properties of the vessel.

• -simple and cheap
• -Unable to talk to other systems
• -Susceptible to variation and deviation

• -True North referenced, not affected by variation
• -Requires consistent and steady electrical; power loss can cause gyro tumbling
• -Inaccurate above 70° latitude; requires corrections/most accurate at the Equator
• -Add easterly erro to compass heading to get true heading

• -Susceptible to to variation and deviation
• -Heading will wonder, so dont expect a steady course
• -Instant power-on, no need to spin up
• -Talks to other systems

• -Talks to other systems
• -Expensive
• -Takes time to spin up to be accurate

• -Not expensive
• -Integrates with other systems
• -Fast turn-on
• -Robust
• -Subject to jamming
• -Subject signal refraction

• The angular difference between the true meridian (great circle
• connecting the geographic poles) and the magnetic meridian
• (direction of the lines of magnetic flux)

8kts = 9mph

Measures horizontal angle of Earth's magnetic flux

• 30 nm+ from land
• GPS FOM≤7
• Fix 30 mins

• 10-20nm from land
• GPS FOM≤6
• Fix 15-30 mins

-NGA produced

• -USCG produced
• -covers US waters and possessions

• -Put into its current format by Matthew Maury (Navy)
• -Information was gathered from notes and logbooks from multiple nations
• -Charts contain
•     -Wind Rose
•     -Tropical Cycle
•     -Mean Sea Surface Temp
•     -Air temp
•     -Currents
•     -Exceptional Sightings
•     -Visibility,
•     -Ice
•     -Wave Height/ percentage of waves over 12 ft

-Created by previous USN vessels and contains various observations on approaches, piers, and services

• -Navy only ports and separated by Atlantic/Pacific
• -Published by NGA

-Hydrographic Office Pub #150, Lists location, characteristics, facilities, and services available at ports, shipping facilities, and oil terminals throughout the world

• -International Waters
• -Published by NGA
• -Planning guide has local pps information )unit of money, holidays, flags)

• -US Waters
• -Published by NOAA in 10 volumes
• -Chap 1- General Info
• -Chap 2- NAvigation
• -Chap 3- Narrative description of coast pier services

• -GPS is the most common and usually reliable. Limitations: atmospheric effects, DIW
• -Doppler speed indicator
• -INS

*LCS-2 has doppler

• -Pit Sword
• -Small boat spinner wheels
• -Pressure Stick
• -SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) requires that all vessels greater than 300GT be fitted with single axis STW SDME(Speed Distance Measuring Equipment). All vessels greater than 50,000GT be fitted with Dual-Axis STW SDME

-Published by NGA weekly 

-Online or email subscription

-Provides corrections for unclassified nautical charts

-Published by USCG Districts (9 total Districts) weekly

-Online or email subscription

-Similar to NTM, but more costal nature

-Information concerning aids to navigation, hazards to navigation, and other items of marine information of interest to mariners on the waters of the of the US, its territories, and possessions

• -Broadcast by USCG
• -In US waters broadcast made on VHF 22A. Initial alert will be made on VHF 16
• -Generally restricted to ports, harbors and coastal waters

• -NAVAREA IV
• -HYDROLANT
• -NAVAREA XII
• -HYDROPAC

• -Broadcast 1 time per week by NGA
•  -NAVAREA IV and XII DO NOT broadcast distress, man overboard or EPIRB messages

Yes

-Special Warnings and Maritime Administration (MARAD) Advisories

• - Issued daily M-F, excluding holidays
• -Contains a summary of Broadcast warning and Special Warnings promulgated during the past 24-72hours

• -Cylindrical: Tangent along great circle, large size rectangular aea
• -Conic: Medium size triangular shape
• -Planar or Azimuthal: small area

-Distortion is caused by the Earth’s spherical shape. Its impossible to represent the Earth’s shape on a flat paper without distortion

-True shape of physical features

– Correct angular relationships

– Representation of areas in correct proportions relative to one another

– True scale (accurate distances)

– Rhumb lines or Great Circles represented as straight lines

• -Mercator
• -Transverse Mercator (tangent circle is on a meridian of longitude)
• -Universal Transverse Mercator
• -Easy to use, accurate over large area
• -Military projection seen superimposed on regular Mercator charts

Simple or secant (Parallel on 2 straight lines) conic projections

-Lambert Conformal-used for radio beacon signals and aeronautical navigation charts

• -Points are transferred to the inside of a cylinder
• -Mercator is the most common, and is the most commonly used for marine navigation
• -used because a rhumb line on a Mercator projection is a straight line

• – Advantages:
• • Great Circles plot as straight lines, which are ideal for
• long voyages.
• • The Distortion is tolerable within about 1,000 miles of
• the point of tangency.
• – Disadvantages:
• • Rhumb Lines plot as curves and do not plot easily on this
• type of chart.
• • Cannot measure distance and direction directly.
• • True shapes are not represented

• -Points on the Earth are projected onto a plane, tangent at a single point
• -Great Circle Charts
• Parallels (except the equator) appear as curves
• Meridians appear as straight lines converging toward the nearer pole

• Advantages:
• Rhumb lines plot as straight lines 
• Ease of measurement (distance, direction & position)
• Latitude/longitude draw as straight lines
• Correct angular relationships

• – Disadvantages:
• Great circles plot as curves
• Distortion of features at extreme latitudes
• Difference in plotted distances according to Latitude

-A rhumb line is a line on the earth's surface that crosses all meridians at the same angle. It is also known as a loxodrome or spherical helix.

• -Sailing
• -General
• -Coastal
• -Harbor

-General

-Approach

-Coastal

-Harbor

5280 ft

• -6076 ft
• -2025 yds
• -1 mind of latitude

-18.6 yrs

-Mean high water

-Earth’s magnetic field

-Ship’s magnetic field due to construction

-Published by USCG Districts (9 total Districts) weekly

-Online or email subscription

-Similar to NTM, but more costal nature

-Information concerning aids to navigation, hazards to navigation, and other items of marine information of interest to mariners on the waters of the of the US, its territories, and possessions

• -Published by NGA weekly 
• -Online or email subscription
• -Provides corrections for unclassified nautical charts

• -Lateral
• -Cardinal
• -Safe Water
• -Isolated Danger
• -Special Purpose / Cautionary

• Temporary response, places as close to wreck as possible
• -A pillar o spar buoy
• -Yellow and Blue with vertical stripes
• -Nominal range of 4 nautical miles

• FL- Not more than 30 flashes per minute, flash every 2.5sec, 4sec, or 6 sec
• QKFL- 50 flashes per min, 1 flash per second, only on red, green, or yellow buoys
• VQFL- 80 flashes per minute, 2 flash per sec
• Group- Multiple combinations depending on the application

• -Composite group flashing (2+1)
• -Red over green or green over red

Lateral buoys mark the sides of a navigational channel as well as junctions, bifurcations, the safe side to pass a hazard, and the centerline of wider fairways and large bodies of water

Cardinal buoys mark the directions in which the buoy lies relative to the hazard to navigation

• Safe water buoys mark safe water  on all sides.  Outside the US, can mark centerline of traffic separation
• -REd and white stripped
• -Will show letter NOT numbers
• -MILO buoy Morse Alpha, Isophase (2sec on 2 off, Long Flash(on 2 off 8), Occulting(on 8 off 2)

Isolated danger buoys mark particular hazards to navigation that have water all around it, may be on top of or moored near the hazard

• Special Purpose / Cautionary buoys mark a special area that should be kept clear of.
• -Yellow Color
• -Top  mark is a cross
• -If lighted, yellow

• North, Central, and South America, Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines
• -Red to RIGHT returning

Mariner Radio Activated Sound Signal (MRASS)- They are activated by clicking your VHF radio 5 times on wither 81a or 83a.  They will sound from 45mins - 1 hours

24hrs 50mins.

Tides have 2 highs and 2 lows per tidal day

When the horizontal movement of water stops

30 kts of wind

-Allows the user to call a specific vessel using its MMSI

-Provides a button to generate a distress call which contains the vessel's exact position

Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

• 9- Boater Calling. Commercial and Non-Commercial
• 13- Intership navigation safety. ships>20m guard in US waters
• 16- must guard, intl. distress safety and calling
• 22a- USCG maritime safety broadcast
• 70- DSC Channel
• 87b- AIS
• 88b- AIS

• Ch 13
• Ch 16

Very High Frequency - Digital Selective Calling

-tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov when operating in US waters

-TotalTide operating in international waters

-MHW- Mean High water, mean of all high waters in a 19 year period (tidal epoch).  Datum used to measure bridge clearance

-MLW- The mean of all the low waters in a 19 year period (tidal epoch)

-MLLW- the mean of all the lower of the two low tides in each tidal day over a 19 year period.  Primary datum for US charts

Tides of less/decreased range and occur when the moon is half

Increased range (higher highs and lower lows.  Occur about twice a month and happen because the moon is either New or Full.

• -Mean high water springs (MHWS is the mean of all the high spring tides
• -Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS) is the mean of all the low spring tides

Tides with a large inequity between the high and/or low water heights

Tidel has a cycle of one tidal day, there is 1 high tide and 1 low tide per tidal day

• - Purple line w/half diamond and half circle on same side
• -Front resulting when a cold front overtakes a warm front, and wedges it aloft
• -End up with 3 distinct masses of air
• -The weather is nasty and unpredictable

• -They are a cold and warm air mass, lying against each other
• -Half circles on one side and triangles on the other side
• -They may generate or regenerate into very strong frontal systems, so keep an eye on them

• - the leading edge of where a warmer air mass replaces a colder one
• -Because warm air is less dense than the cold air it is replacing, in order for a warm front to work, the cold air ahead of it has to be receding. the warm air is lighter and it really can't push the heavier air
• -You will Cirrus, then cirrostratus, then altostratus, then nimbostratus, then stratus
• -Line with half circles

• -The leading edge of a cooler, drier and more stable air mass
• -Rapid drop in dew point (air gets dryer)
• -May generate squall lines
• -Expect squalls and showers preceding the passage of the front
• -Blue line with triangles

• -A "veering" wind shifts to the right, or clockwise
• -A "backing" wind shifts to the left or counter-clockwise

• -Cold Front
• -Warm Front
• -Occluded Front
• -Stationary Front

Synoptic weather events usually last from a few days to a week or two

Moving North from the Equator (ITCZ) Hadley Cell - Ferrell Cell - and the Polar Cell

The descending air athe 30's Lat, characterized by high pressure, clear skies, and little wind

• The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or the doldrums.
• -Near constant barometric pressure; light and variable surface winds and hot and sultry days.
• -Equatorial low pressure trough
• -Often see overcast skies and heavy showers and thunderstorms

Cross the isobars at a 90 angle going from high to low pressure, then turn about 70 to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (or left in Southern Hemisphere)

• As a result of the earth's rotation, anything moving freely across the surface of the Earth tends to get pulled off to one side
• -Northern Hemisphere pulls to the right
• -Southern Hemisphere pulls to the left

• -Radiation fog
• -Ground fog
• -Advection fog
• -Steam fog
• -Upslope fog
• -Valley fog

Condensation Nuclei for water to condense upon

Cumulonimbus

Cumulus (Cu)

Nimbostratus (Ns)

Broken up into pieces

Rain

59F

Dew point is the temperature at which air can no longer hold water vapor

• Isobars, Spaced 4mb apart
• -The closer the isobars, the steeper the pressure gradient and the stronger the wind

-Convection

-Wind Up/Down over a mountain range

-Air may be forced aloft as a result of fronts (cold/hot) meeting

-Air may move vertically (Up or Down) as a result of convergence or divergence

• -1013.25mb +/- 35mb (normal range)
• -29.92” Hg +/- 1.5” (normal range)
• -14.7psi

-Cooling associated with increased altitude, Usually about 3.6℉ per 1000’

• - Bottom 8 miles (40kft) of atmosphere
• -Temperature drops off rapidly as you ascend
• -The temperature of the troposphere hovers around that temperature where water evaporates, condenses and freezes

20-30 miles

True

• -Static Information
• -Dynamic Information
• -Voyage Related Information
• -Short Safety Related Messages

• -Autonomous and Continuous: most common op mode
• -Assigned: 
• -Polled: shore stations can request specific information form ship stations

• -VHF Voice Alert
• -VHF DSC alert
• -show on 3cm wavelength radar
• -RCC Notification

• -Search and Rescue Transponder
• -8nm effective range
• -Will only respond to X-band (3cm wavelength)

• -Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
• 4 Sea Areas
• Area 1 -within VHF range of land
• Area 2 - less than 200+nm range
• Area 3 -200+nm range
• Area 4 -Polar Regions

Voice Signal: Lifeboat - Ground Station/SAR Helo

Digital Signal: EPIRB - COSPAS Satellite systems - Coastguard ground Control Station - transmitter - Inmarsat satellite - ships at sea (for USN ships direct contact from NFC or HYDROLANT/HYDROPAC or Daily Memorandum)

5.5 F per 1000 feet of altitude

Stratocumulus (Sc)

3.2 F per 1000 feet

Stratus (St)

Altocumulus (Ac)

Altostratus (As)

Cirrocumulus (Cc)

Cirrostratus (Cs)

Cirrus (Ci)

Warm humid air is fuel for storms

• -Have cold core
• -They form along the jet stream
• -They have a life cycle of several days to over a week
• -They have length scales of the order of 500–2500 km
• -They have cold air at their core
• -They derive their energy from the release of potential energy when cold and warm air masses interact
• -They always have one or more fronts connected to them

Less than 2.5x draft of the ship

• Kedging-Poor mans tug, put anchor down away from pier and use it to pull the bow
• Dredging- Anchor under foot 1.5x depth as ship moves slowly to increase the turning lever by moving the pivot point
• Snubbing- like battle ship
• Baltic Moor- let go anchor while parallel to pier, dredging to the pier
• Med Moor

the quality of motion measured by the product of mass & velocity

Inertia is the quality of motion that causes a ship to resist a change in motion

• -Acquire
• -Designate
• -Perform Trial Maneuver
• -Cancel contacts

Requires 1-3 mins

Intended for vessels over 10,000 GT

Automatic radar Plotting Aid

• Fast Time Constant
• -As you turn it up, it decreases the sensitivity of the receiver at the far edges of a contact, be it a rainstorm, or land, or a ship

• -STC: Sensitivity Time Control
• - As you turn it up, it decreases radar sensitivity near the center of the screen, gradually increasing as you move outward

• -Indirect
• -Multiple echos
• -Second trace echoes
• -Radar Interference

The wider the antenna, the narrower the horizontal beam width

Length of the radar pulse

Pulse length

Short pulse- give crisp, clearly defined presentation, but don't do well on long ranges

Long pulse- great for detecting small weak contacts at long range, but don't paint a very crisp picture

10cm / S band / 2,000 MHz

3cm / X band /  10,000MHz

• Transmitter
• Receiver: TR check valve keeps power from transmitter from damaging
• Power Supply
• Modulator
• Indicator

• Also called inversion
• REsults in maximum radar range
• Increased downward bending of the waves as they travel through the atmosphere along the surface of the earth

Where waves change direction as they pass from a medium of one density into a medium with a different density

Where waves change direction when they bounce off a barrier

True

• -Reflects off metal surfaces
• -Can be directed through metal waveguides

• 328yds/micro sec
• 162,000nm / sec
• .162nm / micro sec

The average of the highest one third of the waves

• -Slow down
• -Change course
• -Combination of slowing and changing course
• -Stay in port

• Head Seas- Bad for Ship
• Beam Seas- Bad for people
• Quartering Seas
• Following Seas

-Provide the maximum operational flexibility for the ship while maintaining an acceptable level of safety for the ship and is crew

3cm Radar X-band

Pierson-Moskowitz Sea Spectrum

The Beaufort Scale is how wind speeds are classified

Enhanced Fujita Scale

Mix warm, moist air with cooler, drier air

Macro/Microbursts the most intense type of local squall

-Cumulus: Lots of updrafts, enough to keep all precipitation aloft

-Mature: Most violent and active stage

-Dissipating: During this stage, subsiding air replaces the updraft throughout the cloud

Air Mass thunderstorm- which form as part of a single convective cell over hot land or water (Gulf Stream)

• -Moisture
• -Instability
• -Lifting Mechanism

• An anticyclone is a weather phenomenon that occurs when winds circulate around a center of high atmospheric pressure.
• - Clockwise in Northern Hemisphere
• -Move west to east, 20 to 30 mph

• (Northern Hemisphere) Face away from the wind, the low will be 270 relative over your left.
• -"Back to the Breeze, Low to Your Left"
• -Dangerous Semi-Circle wind on STBD bow
• -Navigable Semi-Circle wind of STBD QTR

• -Have warm core
• -Tropical cyclones get their energy from the warm ocean
• -Atlantic hurricanes form off the coast of Western Africa above the hot ocean waters just north of the equator
• -Sea Surface Temperature above 78F
• -Pre-existing disturbance to trigger thunderstorm activity
• -Divergence at the upper levels (above 400mb about 24k+ft)
• -Coriolis Force will generally be sufficient at latitudes poleward of 5 degrees North/South
• -Weak (Less than 20kts) vertical wind shear between the surface and upper troposphere
• -Relatively moist layers at the mid-levels (about the 700mb / 10,000 ft)
• -System embedded in a potentially unstable air mass

6000-12000HP