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what is the largest internal organ
liver is the largest internal organ
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what is the centre of the metabolic regulation
the liver
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where does the liver get its blood supply from
- 1/3 blood supply to the liver is from the hepatic artery
- 2/3 blood supply is venous blood from hepatic portal vein
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where the blood leave the liver
blood leaves the liver via the hepatic portal vein
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what is the liver composed of
- compose of 4 lobes
- righ, left, caudate and quadrate
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what organ has dual blood supply
the liver
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describe the hepatic portal system
- carries blood rich in nutrients absorbed from food
- begins and ends in capillaries of the GIT
- ends in liver sinusoids
- largest vessel is hepatic portal vein
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where does it deliver venous blood to the liver from
- from;
- inferior mesenteric vein
- splenic vein
- superior mesenteric vein
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what is a fusion of these three veins
hepatic portal vein
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where does anything absorbed by the GIT travel to first before it enters the systemic circulation
travels to the liver first
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what does the hepatic portal vein do
- HPV carries blood rich in nutrients absorbed from food
- filters toxins absorbed along with food
- first pass of metabolism
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how many lobules has each lobe in the liver
100000 lobules
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what is a lobule
- the basic functional unit of the liver
- hexagonal
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what are lobules composed of
composed of hepatocytes
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what do hepatocytes form
hepatocytes form series of irregular plates
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what do the lining of the sinusoids contain
contain Kupffer cells
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what is the sinusoid
small, irregularly shaped blood vessel
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what do kupffer cells do
cells engulf pathogens, cell debris, damaged blood cells
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what is apart of the reticuloendothelial system
kupffer cells
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how does blood enter the sinusoids
enters sinusoids from HPV and hepatic artery
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what is at the coners of each lobule
portal triad at the corners of each lobule
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what absorb nutrients
hepatocytes absorb nutrients
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what drain into hepatic vein
central veins drain into hepatic vein
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what are the 3 functions of the liver
- metabolic regulation
- haematogical regulation
- bile production
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how does the liver control metabolic regulation
- regulates composition of circulating blood
- carbohydrate metabolism
- lipid metabolism
- amino acid metabolism
- waste product removal
- vitamin storage
- mineral storage
- drug inactivation
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how does the liver control carbohydrate metabolism
- stabilises blood glucose levels
- low blood glucose, hepatocytes break down glycogen reserves releasing glucose
- synthesis glucose from amino acids - gluconeogenesis
- high blood glucose, remov glucose from blood - store as glycogen or make into lipids
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what is high levels of amino acids used to
used to synthesis proteins or lipid or glucose
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how does the liver remove waste products
- liver deaminates amino acids during metabolism
- ammonia is produced, converted to urea which is excreted by the kidneys
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what vits does the liver store
Vit ADEK
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what mineral does the liver store
storage of ferritin
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what vit ADEK fat or water soluble
fat soluble
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haematological regulation
- phagocytosis and immune response
- synthesis of plasma proteins
- removal of circulating hormones
- removal of antibodies
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where is bile secreted into
secreted into duodenum
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what is bile composed of
composed of water, bilirubin, ions, cholestrol and bile salts
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what acts on the surface of lipids
pancreatic lipase acts on surface lipids
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what does bile do
emulsifies lipids
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describe the gallbladder
- hollow, pear-shaped organ which stores and concentrates bile
- inferior to liver
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what controls the realese of bile into the duodenum
the hormone cholecystokinin [CCK]
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what happens when chyme enters the duodenum
- CCK is released, hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes, gallbladder contracts
- bile excreted
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