Unit C: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• 1.Carbon dioxide (6 CO2) is broken down and each carbon is bonded to a ribulose bi phosphate, that is then broken into 12 three carbon compounds that are stable (PGA)
• 2.The three carbon compounds are then activated by ATP and NADPH energy to create 12 PGAL. Two of them are used to make one glucose molecule.
• 3.The remaining 10 are converted into RuBP using ATP

• 1.Photolysis splits H2O into hydrogen and electrons
• 2.The Electrons are pasted into photosystem II (PSII) 
• 3.PSII absorbs light energy and passes it to chlorophyll a, which is used to charge up the electron.
• 4.The electron is then sent down the electron transport chain (ETC) by redox reactions, some energy is lost at each step
• 5.The electron reaches photosystem I (PSI) and is escited again
• 6.The electron is passed down ETC again until it reaches the final electron acceptor, NADP+
• 7.NADP+ takes two electrons and a hydrogen and forms NADPH
• 8.The energy lost from ETC is then used to create a concentration gradient 
• 9.Hydrogen in the thylakoid is released to the stroma through an enzyme (ATP synthase)
• 10.This new energy is used to form ATP
• 11.NADPH and ATP are used to fuel light indepentant reactions

The energy of ATP and NADPH is used to reduce carbon dioxide and make glucose

reactions that use solar energy to create ATP energy and NADPH

Chemical compounds that reflect or absorb certain wavelengths of light (why we see colour). The absorbed light is passed onto chlorophyll a and used as light energy

Where the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis take place inside the chloroplasts. They contain pigment molecules

When an atom or molecule gains an electron, an oxidising agent

When an atom or molecule loses an electron (this electron is given to another atom or molecule), A reduction agent

Breaking down molecules into smaller ones to release energy (cellular respiration) This happens in a process called hydrolysis

Synthesised larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy, (photosynthesis), build up molecules

Special proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed to complete them.

A number of controlled reactions, which each one leads to another, often used to process proteins or break chemical bonds

An active energy that used in anything movement related. and used in active transport, and cell reactions

C6H12O6(s)+O2=CO2+H2O+36 ATP energy

Co2(g)+H2O(l)+light energy=C6H12O6(s) + O2(g)

C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+H2O+36 ATP energy

Occurs in the cytoplasm of yeast cells, 2pyruvate, 2NADH and 2H2o are taken to make 2CO2, 2ethanol and 2NAD

When o2 is used up in a system fermentation is used as a substitute to make NAD for glyolysis. same reactants as before but now it creates 2 lactic acid. (This happens during muscle cramps, from working out to hard)

• 1.Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of a cell. C6H12O6 and 2ATP are used to cut open sugar and produce 2NADH, 4ATP and 2 pyruvate.
• 2.Pyruvate Oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Oxygen is used to break down 2 pyruvate into 2NADH, 2CO2 and 2acetyl-CoA.
• 3.Krebs Cycle, happens once for each molecule of acetyl-CoA. A chain of reactions using NADH, and ATP produce 6 NADH, 2ATP, 2FADH2 and 4CO2
• 4.NADH and FADH2 are release electrons into an ETC in the matrix, until it is accepted by oxygen, the electrons then form with hydrogen ions to form water. Energy lost from redox reactions is used to power the h pump to send hydrogen ions across the membrane.

A anaerobic process that does not use an electron transport chain, occurs in yeast and bacteria, and inside animal muscle cells when there is little oxygen

Cell Respiration that has an electron transport system, but does not use oxygen as a final electron acceptor

cell respiration that involves an electron transport chain and uses oxygen (as a final electron acceptor)

the space between the inner and out membrane

Space between the matrix and outer membrane space, used as the site of ATP production

The centre of the mitochondria that contains enzymes that break down proteins, is filled with fluid

Complementary, one will cause the other