PHARMA Parkinson And Alzheimer

is a chronic neurologic disorder that affects the extrapyramidal motor tract (which controls posture, balance, and locomotion).

Parkinson’s disease is the most common form of parkinsonism, which considered a syndrome, or a combination of similar symptoms, because of its major features:

PD was first medically described as a neurologic syndrome by ___ ___ in 1817

parkinsonism generally affects patients __ to __ years of age and older

PD results from a loss of neurons in a specific part of the brain called the ___ ___.

Some chemicals in the substantia nigra make an important brain chemical called ___ which is needed to control movement.

Certain drugs may cause parkinsonism and lead to extrapyramidal symptoms: ___

Means involuntary movement

Means sustained involuntary contractions of muscle

Means repetitive movements

Means a condition that causes a combination of the movement abnormalities seen in PD

Means loss of ability to move muscles voluntarily

Means feeling of muscle quivering, restlessness, inability to sit still

Means an adverse reaction to medications with dopamine receptor-antagonist properties

___ ___ is legalized in many states, and there is strong interest in its therapeutic properties for PD. Researchers issue caution for people with PD who use this because of its effects on thinking.

Parkinsonism is caused by an imbalance of the neurotransmitters: ___ & ___.

There are two neurotransmitters within neurons of the striatum of the brain: ___, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and ___, an excitatory neurotransmitter.

which increase the effects of dopamine in the brain by reducing the effects of acetylcholine.

stimulates the production of dopamine in the brain.

which mimic the effects of dopamine in the brain by directly stimulating dopamine receptor.

Which inhibits the inactivation of Dopamine in the brain.

which inhibit the COMT enzyme that inactivates dopamine

Disrupt the activity of dopamine by blocking dopamine receptor site without activating them.

The first dopaminergic drug was ___, which was introduced in 1961. When introduced, this was effective in diminishing symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and increasing mobility, because the
blood-brain barrier admits this but not dopamine.

The enzyme ___ ___ converts levodopa to dopamine in the brain, but this enzyme is also found in the peripheral nervous system and allows 99% of levodopa to be converted to dopamine before it reaches the brain.

Are defined as the return of parkinson symptoms that results from low levels of Dopamine between doses of oral carbidopa/levodopa

Due to the side effects of levodopa and the fact that so much levodopa is metabolized before reaching the brain, an alternative drug, ___, was developed to inhibit the enzyme dopa decarboxylase. By inhibiting the enzyme in the peripheral nervous system, more levodopa reaches the brain.

The carbidopa is combined with levodopa in a ratio of _:_

stimulate dopamine receptor activation and provide relief from dopamine symptom such as tremors and rigidity.

acts directly on dopamine receptors in the CNS, cardiovascular system, and G.I tract
is an effective anticholinergic in its class, it is not as effective as carbidopa-levodopa an alleviating PD symptoms. Patient who do not tolerate carbidopa-levodopa are frequently given this.

is a dopamine agonists and a nonnarcotic derivative of the drug morphine. It contains dopamine receptor agonist properties and is used for acute, intermittent treatment of off episodes and with advance PD.
- it is administered under close supervision of the health care provider to observe the effect of the drug on the patients’ blood pressure and heart rate.

The enzyme ___ ___ __causes catabolism (breakdown) of dopamine.

___ inhibits MAO-B, thus prolonging the action of levodopa. It may be ordered for newly diagnosed patients with parkinsonism.
The use of this could delay carbidopa-levodopa therapy by 1 year. It decreases “on- off” fluctuations.

___ was the first COMT inhibitor taken with levodopa for advanced parkinsonism. This drug can affect liver cell function; therefore serum liver enzymes should be closely monitored.

___does not affect liver function. the FDA approved a combination drug of dopaminergics (carbidopa and levodopa) and a COMT inhibitor. This drug combination lessens the “wearing off” effects of levodopa that are sometimes experienced prior to the next dose.

A synthetic antiviral agent, acts on dopamine receptors. it was introduce as an agent for prophylaxis of seasonal influenze and was later found to cause symptomatic improvement in PD.

Is an adenosine receptor antagonist used to tret PD. It reduces “off” periods resulting from long-term treatment with the antiparkinson drug
levodopa.

___ is a dopamine antagonist further classifed as an atypical antipsychotic and is the first drug approved by the FDA to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PD psychosis.

Can cause fatal hepatotoxicity. It is recommended that liver enzyme be drawn frequently. Abrupt discontinuation can cause pyrexia, confusion, and neuroleptic

Urine can have a brownish orange discoloration. Abrupt discontinuation can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative condition with marked cognitive dysfunction, such as impairment of memory, reasoning, language, and perception.

an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a decline in a patient’s activities of daily living (ADL) and cognitive abilities, as well as changes in behavior.

3 phases of Alzheimer’s disease

AChE is an enzyme responsible for breaking down ACh and is also known as ___.

___ has effective penetration into the CNS; thus cholinergic transmission is increased. These Ache inhibitors increase cognitive function for patients with mild to moderate AD.

is a reversible Ache inhibitor used to treat mild to moderate AD.

is an N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist for the management of moderate to severe AD.

___ an AChE inhibitor, is prescribed to improve cognitive function for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease

is an IV administered amyloid beta-directed antibody indicated for the treatment of adults with AD.