PHARMA (NUTRITION & ELECTROLYTES)

are organic chemicals that are necessary for normal metabolic functions and for tissue growth and healing.

DRI means?

is the amount determined to be sufficient in the absence of scientific information. This is based on data about the levels of vitamin intake that seem to maintain a healthy status

is the amount thought to provide a sufficient intake in one half of healthy persons in a defined group.

is the amount thought to provide the needs of 98% of well children and adults of specific age group and gender.

They were developed to prevent deficiencies and may not be reflective of all groups, such as older adults.

is the maximum amount considered not likely to be a risk for healthy persons in a specified group. This is not a recommended level to take.

can cause cellular and organ dysfunction that may result in slow recovery from illness.

These are necessary for the vitamin deficiencies

___ is an interactive tool that helps Americans to eat more healthfully, and the ___assists in the planning, analyzing, and tracking of nutrition and physical activity.

TRUE OR FALSE

The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that all vitamin products be labeled according to the amount of vitamin content and the proportion of the RDA not provided by the vitamin product.
True False

They are metabolized slowly

can be stored in fatty tissue, liver, and muscle in significant amounts and are excreted in the urine at a slow rate

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

are the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C

This group of vitamins is not usually toxic unless
taken in extremely excessive amounts.

TRUE OR FALSE
Water-soluble vitamins are stored by the body, so no consistent, steady supplementation is
required.
True False

TRUE OR FALSE
Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted in
the urine.
True False

TRUE OR FALSE
Protein binding of water-soluble vitamins is
maximal.
True False

is essential for bone growth and the maintenance of epithelial tissues, skin, eyes, and hair. It has been used for the treatment of skin disorders such as acne

IM administration for this vitamin is used only in acutely ill patients or patients refractory to the oral route, such as those with gastrointestinal (GI) malabsorption syndrome.

The UL for vitamin A is ___ mcg daily.

the vitamin is absorbed faster than when there is no deficiency or intestinal obstruction. A portion of this vitamin is stored in the liver, and this function can be inhibited with liver disease

has a major role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism and is needed for calcium absorption from the intestines.

Dietary vitamin D is absorbed in the ___and requires ___ for absorption.

Two compounds of vitamin D:

a synthetic fortified vitamin D

a natural form of vitamin D influenced by ultraviolet sunlight through the skin

Massive doses of vitamin A may cause ____, symptoms of which are hair loss, peeling skin, anorexia, abdominal pain, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting.

Excess vitamin A is stored in the liver for up to __ years.

Vitamin A taken orally begins to take effect in _ to _ hours and peaks in _ to _ hours

An early sign of vitamin A deficiency (hypovitaminosis A) is ___. This may progress to dryness and ulceration of the cornea and to blindness.

Once absorbed, vitamin D is converted to ___ (also known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in the liver.

Calcifediol is then converted to an active form, ___, in the kidneys

The active form of vitamin D, functions as a hormone and, with parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

___ and ___ stimulate bone reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus.

Excretion of vitamin D is primarily in ___; only a small amount is excreted in the urine.

Excess vitamin D ingestion (>40,000 international units) results in ____and may cause ____ (an elevated serum calcium level). Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are early symptoms of vitamin D toxicity.

has antioxidant properties that protect cellular components from being oxidized and red blood cells from hemolysis.

This vitamin depends on bile salts, pancreatic secretion, and fat for its absorption.

This vitamin is stored in all tissues, especially the liver, muscle, and fatty tissue.

About 75% of this vitamin is excreted in bile.

It has its antioxidant effects (i.e., it inhibits the oxidation of other compounds by blocking a group of harmful chemicals called free radicals)

TRUE OR FALSE
Iron and vitamin E should not be taken together because iron can interfere with the body’s absorption and use of vitamin E.
True False

Vitamin K occurs in four forms

is the most active form of Vitamin K

Vitamin K that is synthesized by intestinal flora

Vitamin K that have been produced synthetically

What vitamin Ks are absorbed in the presence of bile salts.

What vitamin Ks do not need bile salts for
absorption.

Half of vitamin K comes from the ___ ___, and the remaining portion comes from ___ ___.

Vitamin K is needed for synthesis of ___ and the clotting factors __, __, and __.

For oral anticoagulant overdose, ___is the only vitamin K form available for therapeutic use and is most effective in preventing hemorrhage.

Newborns are vitamin K deficient; thus, a single dose of___ is recommended immediately after delivery.

Vitamin K is used for two reasons:

These vitamins may promote a sense of well-being and increased energy as well as decreased anger, tension, and irritability.

TRUE OR FALSE
If the fruits and vegetables are cut or cooked, a large amount of vitamin C is lost.
True False

Four of the vitamin B-complex members:

What deficiency can lead to the polyneuritis and cardiac pathology seen in beriberi or to Wernicke’s encephalopathy that progresses to Korsakoff’s syndrome, conditions most commonly associated with alcohol abuse.

This must be given before giving any glucose to avoid aggravation of symptoms.

may be given to manage dermatologic problems such as scaly dermatitis, cracked corners of the mouth, and inflammation of the skin and tongue. To treat migraine headache, riboflavin is given in larger doses than for dermatologic concerns

is given to alleviate pellagra and hyperlipidemia, for which large doses are required. Also use to reduce cholesterol levels.

It may also help alleviate the symptoms of neuritis caused by isoniazid (INH) therapy for tuberculosis.

An essential building block of nucleic acids, red blood cell formation, and synthesis of hemoglobin.

•is absorbed from the small intestine.
•aids in the absorption of iron and in the conversion of folic acid.
•is not stored in the body and is excreted readily in the urine.

The recommended daily dose of vitamin C for an adult is __ to __ mg/day.

Excessive doses of vitamin C can cause a __-__ occult (blood) stool result and __-__ sugar result in the urine when tested by the ___ method.

is essential for DNA synthesis

•aids in the conversion of folic acid to its active form.
▪ With active folic acid, this vitamin promotes cellular division.
▪ It is also needed for normal hematopoiesis (development of red blood cells in bone marrow) and to maintain nervous system integrity, especially the myelin.

The ___ ___ ___ produce an intrinsic factor that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin
B12 through the intestinal wall.

lack of the intrinsic factor

the major cause of vitamin B12 deficiency.

B12 deficiency is commonly seen with ___ and ___ pump inhibitors

To correct vitamin B12 deficiency, ___ in ___ form can be given ___ for severe deficits.

Monitor for vitamin A therapeutic serum levels: __ to __ international units/mL

(ferrous sulfate, gluconate, or fumarate) is vital for hemoglobin regeneration.
Sixty percent of the iron in the body is found in hemoglobin.

A normal diet contains __ to __ mg of iron per day.

is needed for the formation of RBCs and connective tissues.

Copper is a cofactor of many enzymes, and its function is in the production of the neurotransmitters ___ and ___

Excess serum copper levels may be associated with ___ disease, which is an inborn error of
metabolism that allows for large amounts of copper to accumulate in the liver, brain, cornea
(brown or green Kayser Fleischer rings), or kidneys.

The RDA for copper is __ to __mg/day

important to many enzymatic reactions and is essential for normal growth and tissue repair, wound healing, and taste and smell.

RDA of zinc is __ to __ mg/day

• helpful in the control of type 2 diabetes (non–insulin-dependent diabetes).
•It is thought that this mineral helps to normalize blood glucose by increasing the effects of insulin on the cells.

acts as a cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme that protects protein and nucleic acids from oxidative damage.

This works with vitamin E. It is thought that this has an anticarcinogenic effect

RDA for selenium is __ to __ mcg

There are two routes for administering nutritional support:

Involves the GI tract, can be given orally or by feeding tubes (tube feeding). If the patient can swallow, nutrient preparations can be taken by mouth;
if the patient is unable to swallow, a tube is inserted into the stomach or small intestine.

The three groups of solutions for enteral nutrition are:

was the first method used to deliver enteral feedings. With the bolus method, __ to __ mL of solution is rapidly administered through a syringe or funnel into the tube four to six times a day. This method takes about 10 minutes each feeding, and may not be tolerated well by the patient because a massive volume of solution is given in a short period.