pharmaANS

body’s primary nervous system, consisting of the
brain and spinal cord.

located outside the brain and spinal cord,

peripheral nervous system is made up of 2 divisions:

receives stimuli and initiates responses to these stimuli.

Other name for Autonomic nervous system

acts on smooth muscles and glands

Its functions include control and regulation of the (6)

Two set of neurons in autonomic component
of PNS

send impulses to the CNS, where they are interpreted

receive the impulses (information) from the brain and transmit these impulses through the spinal cord to the effector organ cells

efferent pathways in the ANS are divided into two
branches

SYMPATHETIC NERVE is also called?

neurotransmitter  of adrenergic system that innervates smooth
muscles.

Norepinephrine is released from the _________ and
stimulates the ________ to produce ________.

Adrenergic receptor organ cells (4)

Sympathetic response to Heart and Blood vessels

Sympathetic response to GI, Bladder, Uterus

Sympathetic response to Eyes and Lungs

Parasympathetic response to Heart and Blood vessels

Parasympathetic response to eyes and lungs

Parasympathetic response to GI, Bladder, Salivary gland

Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

mimic the sympathetic neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Adrenergic receptors

Other adrenergic receptor, are located in the renal,
mesenteric, coronary, and cerebral arteries. When these receptor are stimulated, the vessels dilate and blood flow increases

Inactivation of neurotransmitters

Enzymes that inactivate NOREPINEPHRINE

Classification of Sympathomimetics

example of a mixed-acting sympathomimetic.

This drug acts indirectly by stimulating the release of norepinephrine from the nerve terminals and acts directly on the alpha1 and beta1 receptors.

Chemical structure of the substance that produce sympathomimetic response

Catecholamines types

Stimulates adrenergic receptors and have longer duration of action

which acts on alpha1-, beta1-, and beta2- adrenergic receptor sites.

responses from these receptor sites include increase in blood pressure,pupil dilation, increase in heart rate (tachycardia), and bronchodilation.

a beta2-adrenergic agonist, is selective for beta2-adrenergic receptors, so the response is relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and bronchodilation.

Epinephrine is usually administered through

epinephrine with _____ has an addictive effect.

What can antagonize epinephrine action?

Side effects commonly associated with adrenergic agonists include:

Central Acting ALPHA AGONIST

selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist (sympathomimetic) used
primarily to treat hypertension.

is an alpha-adrenergic agonist (sympathomimetic) that acts within the CNS

This drug is taken up into the brainstem neurons and converted to methylnorepinephrine, which is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist that leads to alpha2 activation

side effects of Central-acting alpha-adrenergic agonists include:

Drugs that block the effects of adrenergic
neurotransmitters

Drugs that block or inhibit a response at the alpha-adrenergic
receptor site

Alpha-blocking agents are divided into two groups

Can cause orthostatic hypotension and reflex tachycardia,

decrease heart rate, and a decrease in blood pressure usually
follows

Nonselective beta blockers (block both beta1 and beta2) should
be used with extreme caution in any patient who has

Beta adrenergic blockers

was the first beta blocker prescribed to treat angina, cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, and heart failure.

This medication is given for migraine prophylaxis.

Beta blockers who have Intrinsic sympathomimetic
activity

is the ability of certain beta blockers to bind with a beta receptor to prevent strong agonists from binding to that receptor producing complete activation.

Nonselective beta blockers (block
both beta1 and beta2)

The selective blocker (blocks beta1 only) that has ISA

selective Beta1blocker, decreases sympathetic outflow to the periphery and suppresses the reninangiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS) response.

It is contraindicated in bradycardia, heart block, cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure , asthma, and sick sinus syndrome.

Useful in treating mild to moderate hypertension angina, heart failure, and myocardial infarction

Should not be abruptly
discontinued but rather
should be tapered off over
1 to 2 weeks to avoid,
tachycardia, HPN, severe
angina, dysrhythmia and MI.

Drugs that decrease the hypotensive effect of atenolol

Drugs that block the release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic terminal neurons are

Two groups of drugs affect the parasympathetic nervous system they include:

Why does the parasympathetic is also called cholinergic

cholinergic receptors at organ cells

Neurotransmitter of Parasympathetic system

Cholinergic receptor which stimulates the smooth muscles and slow the heart rate

which affects the skeletal muscles.

Types of Anticholinesterases

inhibitors bind the enzyme cholinesterase for several minutes to hours

inhibitors bind the enzyme permanently.

major responses of cholinergic agonists are to

are primarily selective to the muscarinic
receptors but are nonspecific because the
muscarinic receptors are located in the smooth
muscle of the GI and genitourinary tracts,
glands, and heart.

Direct acting cholinergic agonist

a direct-acting
cholinergic agonist, acts on the muscarinic
(cholinergic) receptor and is used primarily
to increase micturition (urination) in the
treatment of urinary retention and
neurogenic bladder.

is a direct-acting
cholinergic agonist that is usually
prescribed to treat gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD). Metoclopramide
accelerates gastric emptying time

Direct-Acting Cholinergics: Eye

This drug is used to treat glaucoma by relieving fluid
(intraocular) pressure in the eye and to promote miosis
in eye surgery and examinations.

Oral form relieve xerostomia (dry mouth). Also acts on the nicotinic receptor, as does carbachol.

do not act on receptors; instead they inhibit or inactivate the enzyme cholinesterase,

Primary use of these inhibitors is to treat myasthenia gravis; another use is to treat Alzheimer’s disease.

The primary clinical indication for ________ inhibitors is glaucoma.

are potent agents because of their long-lasting effect. The enzyme cholinesterase must be regenerated before the drug effect diminishes—a process that may take days or weeks. These drugs are used to produce pupillary constriction.

Cholinergic antagonist