-
describe the pancreas
- 20-25 cm long, pale and lumpy in texture
- exocrine and endocrine pancreas
-
what does the exocrine pancreas do
exocrine pancreas release enzymes which are used in digestion
-
what does endocrine hormones do
they release hormones
-
describe the pancreatic islets or islet of langerhans
each islet contains 4 cell types
-
what are the four cell types
- alpha cells
- beta cells
- delta cells
- F cells
-
what does alpha cells do
produce glucagon
-
what does the beta cells do
produce insulin
-
what does the delta cells do
produce growth hormone- inhibiting hormone
-
what does the F cells do
produce pancreatic polypeptide
-
what do GH-IH do
they suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin
-
what does PP do
PP inhibits gallbladder contraction and regulates production of some pancreatic enzymes
-
when is insulin released
- is released when blood glucose levels exceed 70-110 mg/dL
- [glucose is abundant]
-
what does insulin do
- it accelerates glucose uptake and utilisation by cells
- stimulates glycogen formation in skeletal muscle and liver
- stimulates protein synthesis and lipid formation
-
when is glucagon released
glucagon is released when blood levels decrease below normal
-
what does glucagon do
- it stimulates breakdown of glycogen
- stimulates breakdown of lipids
- stimulates gluconeogenesis
-
what is xs glucose stored as
stored as glycogen
-
**what does glucagon stimulate
stimulates protein synthesis- this maintains glucose levels by preventing conversion of amino acids to glucose
-
what does adipocytes store fatty acids and glycerol as
stores them as triglycerides
-
what are broken down lipids into fatty acids used for
can be used by other tissues, breakdown of lipid provides more ATP than glucose
-
what is gluconeogenesis
production of glucose from amino acids in the liver such as alanine, glycine
-
what does diabetes result from
results from inadequate insulin production, abnormal insulin, defective receptors
-
describe type 1 diabetes
inadequate insulin production, need injections of insulin
-
describe type 2 diabetes
normal levels of insulin, cells do not respond properly, manage by changing diet
-
which hormones change with age
- the reproductive hormones change with age
- some endocrine tissues become less responsive with age
|
|
