Nutrition and Electrolytes

are organic chemicals that are necessary for normal metabolic functions and for tissue growth and healing

the amount determined to be sufficient in the absence of scientific information; is based on data about the levels of vitamin intake that seem to maintain a healthy status

is the amount thought to provide a sufficient intake in one half of healthy persons in a defined group

the amount thought to provide the needs of 98% of well children and adults of specific age group and gender; were developed to prevent deficiencies and may not be reflective of all groups, such as older adults

the maximum amount considered not likely to be a risk for healthy persons in a specified group; not a recommended level to take

_________ is an interactive tool that helps Americans to eat more healthfully, and the ___________ assists in the planning, analyzing, and tracking of nutrition and physical activity

The ________________________ requires that all vitamin products be labeled according to the amount of vitamin content and the proportion of the RDA provided by the vitamin product.

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

Between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, which one is excreted more readily?

Vitamin A is essential for __________ and the _________________________.  It has been used for the treatment of skin disorders such as ______.

The UL for vitamin A is _______ mcg daily.

has a major role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism and is
needed for calcium absorption from the intestines

2 compounds of Vitamin D

Massive doses of vitamin A may cause _______________, symptoms of which are hair loss, peeling skin, anorexia, abdominal pain, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting.

Excess vitamin A is stored in the liver for up to 2 years. True or False?
True False

Vitamin A taken orally begins to take effect in _____ hours and peaks in ____ hours.

An early sign of vitamin A deficiency (hypovitaminosis A) is ___________.

Once absorbed, vitamin D is converted to ________ (also known as 25-
hydroxycholecalciferol) in the liver.

Active form of vitamin D

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

__________ stimulate bone reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus.

Excess vitamin D ingestion (>40,000 international units) results in hypervitaminosis D and may cause ___________ (an elevated serum calcium level). Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are early symptoms of vitamin D toxicity.

has antioxidant properties that protect cellular components from being oxidized and red blood cells from hemolysis

_____ and vitamin E should not be taken together because this can interfere with the body’s absorption and use of vitamin E.

About 75% of vitamin E is excreted in _______.

Vitamin K occurs in four forms:

Vitamin K_ is not commercially available

Vitamins K1 and K2 are absorbed in the presence of bile salts. Vitamins K3 and K4 do not need bile salts for absorption. True or False?
True False

Vitamin K is needed for synthesis of ___________ and the clotting factors _______________.

For oral anticoagulant overdose, _______________ is the only vitamin K form available for therapeutic use and is most effective in preventing hemorrhage.

Vitamin K is used for two reasons:

Citrus fruits and green vegetables are high in vitamin C. True or False?
True False

Thiamine deficiency can lead to the polyneuritis and cardiac pathology seen in beriberi or to Wernicke’s encephalopathy that progresses to ____________, conditions most commonly associated with alcohol abuse.

__________ must be given before giving any glucose to avoid aggravation of symptoms.

_________ may be given to manage dermatologic problems such as scaly dermatitis, cracked corners of the mouth, and inflammation of the skin and tongue. To treat migraine headache, this is given in larger doses than for dermatologic concerns.

________ is given to alleviate pellagra and hyperlipidemia, for which large doses are required. Also use to reduce cholesterol levels.

__________ is administered to correct vitamin B6 deficiency. It may also help alleviate the symptoms of neuritis caused by isoniazid (INH) therapy for tuberculosis.

___________ is an essential building block of nucleic acids, red blood cell formation, and synthesis of hemoglobin.

Pyridoxine is readily absorbed in the ________ and stored in the liver, muscle, and brain. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine.

aids in the absorption of iron and in the conversion of folic acid; s not stored in the body and is excreted readily in the urine

recommended daily dose of vitamin C for an adult

___________ is needed for carbohydrate metabolism and protein and lipid synthesis

Excessive doses of vitamin C can cause a false-negative occult (blood) stool result and false-positive sugar result in the urine when tested by the Clinitest method. True or False?
True False

_______ aids in the conversion of folic acid to its active form; essential for DNA synthesis

___________ (lack of the intrinsic factor) is the major cause of vitamin B12 deficiency.

B12 deficiency is commonly seen with ______________ (e.g., omeprazole).

To correct vitamin B12 deficiency, ______________ can be given intramuscularly for severe deficits.

____________________ is vital for hemoglobin regeneration.

_____ tablet of ferrous sulfate is sufficient as a daily iron dose when indicated.

Sixty percent of the iron in the body is found in ________.

One of the causes of anemia is ____________.

A normal diet contains ________ of iron per day.

_____________ slow the absorption of iron, and ___________ increases iron absorption.

The dose of iron for infants and children 6 months to 2 years of age is _________ of body weight. For the adult, ____________ is needed for hemoglobin regeneration.

Iron toxicity is a serious cause of poisoning in children. As few as ______ tablets of ferrous sulfate (3 g) taken at one time can be fatal within 12 to 48 hours.

needed for the formation of RBCs and connective tissues; a cofactor of many enzymes, and its function is in the production of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine.

Excess serum copper levels may be associated with ___________, which is an inborn error of metabolism that allows for large amounts of copper to accumulate in the liver, brain, cornea (brown or green Kayser Fleischer rings), or kidneys.

The RDA for copper is _________/day.

_______ is important to many enzymatic reactions and is essential for
normal growth and tissue repair, wound healing, and taste and smell.

Patients taking zinc and an antibiotic should not take them together. True or False?
True False

Zinc should be taken at least ___ hours after taking an antibiotic.

helpful in the control of type 2 diabetes; helps to normalize blood glucose by increasing the effects of insulin on the cells

There is no RDA for chromium; however, _____________/ day is considered within the normal range for adults and children older than 6 years of age.

_________ acts as a cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme that protects protein and nucleic acids from oxidative damage; works with vitamin E.

It is thought that selenium has an anticarcinogenic effect, and doses lower than _________ may reduce the risk of lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer.

RDA for selenium is ________ mcg

There are two routes for administering nutritional support:

Parenteral nutrition involves administering high-caloric nutrients through large veins, for example, the subclavian vein. This method is called _____________.

The three groups of solutions for enteral nutrition are:

The _________ was the first method used to deliver enteral feedings. With this method, 250 to 400 mL of solution is rapidly administered through a syringe or funnel into the tube four to six times a day.

_____________ feedings are administered every 3 to 6 hours over 30 to 60 minutes by gravity drip or pump infusion. At each feeding, 300 to 400 mL of solution is usually given. A feeding bag is commonly used.

_____________ is considered an inexpensive method for administering enteral nutrition.

____________ are prescribed for the critically ill or for those who receive feedings into the small intestine. The enteral feedings are given by an infusion pump such as the Kangaroo set to control the flow at a slow rate over 24 hours. Approximately 50 to 125 mL of solution is infused per hour.

The ___________ is another type of continuous feeding that is infused over 8 to 16 hours daily (day or night).Administration during daytime hours is suggested for patients who are restless or for those who have a greater risk for aspiration. The nighttime schedule allows more freedom during the day for patients who are ambulatory.

_____________ can occur if an insufficient amount of water is given with or between feedings.

_________________ is the major complication of enteral nutrition and may occur if the patient is fed while lying down or is unconscious.

One of the major problems of enteral feeding is __________.

The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) initiated the ____________ campaign to promote safe tube feeding.

_________________ is the primary method for providing complete nutrients by the parenteral or IV route.