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what does the female reproductive system do
- produces sex hormones and gametes
- protects and supports the developing foetus
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where does oogenesis occur
occurs in the ovaries
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describe the structure of the ovaries
- pair of small, lumpy, almond-shaped organs
- ovarian ligament stabilises their position relative to the uterus
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what does the ovaries produce/do
- produce oocytes [oogenesis]
- secrete female sex hormones
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how are primary oocytes produced
- oogonium produce primary oocytes by mitosis
- occurs before birth
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what happens are primary oocytes are produced by mitosis
they prepare for meiosis and are then held in prophase of meiosis 1 until puberty- occurs between 3rd and 7th month of foetal development
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what triggers the ovarian cycle
rising levels of FSH at puberty trigger the ovarian cycle
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what do some primary oocytes form
some complete meiosis 1 to form secondary oocytes
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what happens to secondary oocytes
secondary oocytes leave ovary suspended in metaphase of meiosis 2
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when will meiosis be complete
meiosis will be complete when fertilisation occurs
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what do primary oocytes in outer portion of ovarian cortex in egg nests do
they form primordial follicle with follicle cells
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what does primary follicle develop
it develops follicular cells divide to produce granulosa cells
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what develops around follicle
layer of thecal develops around follicle
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what forms after the layer of thecal cells develop around follicle
mature graafian follicle form
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what happens then the mature graafian follicle forms
LH levels rise and primary oocyte completes meiosis 1
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what happens at ovulation
at ovulation, secondary oocyte released from graafian follicle into fallopian tube
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what produces oestrogen
thecal and granulosa cells produce oestrogen
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after how long is the mature graafian follicle or tertiary follicle formed
formed after 10-14 days
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(Luteal Phase)
what does the graafian follicle develop into
the graafian follicle collapses and develops into corpus luteum [ has endocrine function]
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what is the cholesterol in the CL used for
it is used to synthesis progesterone
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what prepares the uterus for pregnancy
progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy
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what happens to the Cl if ferilisation doesnt occur
- CL degenerates
- [ about 12 days after ovulation]
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what happens to progesterone and oestrogen levels if fertilisation doesnt occur
progesterone and oestrogen levels fall
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what happens if fertilisation does occur
the CL continues to produce progesterone which maintains uterine lining
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what eventually takes over progesterone production
placenta eventually takes over progesterone production and CL degrades
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what is the antrum
it is the expanding central chamber of the follicle, fills with fluid
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when does body temp increase
day 14 during ovulation
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when does oestrogen levels rise
near day 14
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when do progesterone levels rise
at the end of the cycle days 27/28
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when does FSH and LH levels increase
at day 14
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what does the uterus do
it protects, nourishes and removes wastes from the developing foetus
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where is the cervix
it is at the base of the uterus, projects into the vagina
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what is the uterine wall composed of
- myometrium- thick middle layer
- endometrium- thin, inner layer
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what does the uterine cycle do to the endothelium
the uterine cycle changes in structure of the endothelium
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how long is the uterine cycle
28 days long
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what is menses
- degeneration of endometrium
- sloughing off of tissue
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(uterine cycle)
what happens during the proliferative phase
oestrogens secreted by developing follicles stimulate growth
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what happens during the secetory phase
progesterone makes the endometrium receptive to implantation blastocyst
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what releases GnRH
the hypothalamus releases GnRH
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what happens when GnRH is released
- it stimulates follicle development and secretion of oestrogen
- also stimulates LH secretion
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what does LH secretion trigger
LH secretion triggers meiosis 1 completion, ovulation and corpus luteum formation
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what are the age relates changes in males
- andropause
- levels of circulation testosterone fall, also FSH and LH levels
- sperm production continues
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what are the female age related changes
- menopause
- ovulation and menses cease
- levels of circulating oestrogen, progestrone, FSH and LH fall
- osteoporosis can develop
- bone deposistion proceeds at a slower rate
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