-
What is the primary pathologic alteration resulting from ankylosing
spondylitis (AS)?
- Inflammation of fibrocartilaginous joints of the
- vertebrae
-
Which spinal tract carries the most nociceptive information?
Lateral spinothalamic
-
Parents bring their 1-year-old child to the emergency department,
reporting that the child has been irritable and pounding on her head,
has projectile vomiting, and seems very sleepy for most of the last 3
days. What diagnostic testing does the healthcare professional prepare
the child and parents for as the priority?
brain scan with CT or MRI
-
A newborn baby displays jaundice 20 hours after birth. What action
by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?
Draw blood to measure total bilirubin.
-
Local signs and symptoms of Hodgkin disease-related
lymphadenopathy are a result of what?
Pressure and obstruction
-
Which bones are affected in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease?
Heads of the femur
-
A patient has been diagnosed with
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and asks the healthcare
professional to describe it. What description by the professional is
most accurate?
ALL is a progressive neoplasm defined by the presence of greater than 30% lymphoblasts in the bone marrow or blood.
-
A newborn has meconium ileus. What
diagnostic test does the healthcare professional advise the parents
about?
A sweat test
-
A healthcare professional is educating a community men's group on
symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The professional
relates that most symptoms are a result of which pathophysiologic
condition?
Compression of the urethra
-
A patient in the healthcare clinic reports fatigue, weakness, and
dyspnea, as well as pale conjunctiva of the eyes and brittle, concave
nails. What assessment by the healthcare professional is most
appropriate for the suspected anemia?
Oral mucus membranes and tongue
-
Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) can result in which type
of cancer?
Vaginal cancer
-
A healthcare professional is caring for
a patient diagnosed with aphasia. What action by the professional
would be best in working with this patient?
Provide speech therapy.
-
What are the clinical manifestations
of testicular cancer?
Firm, nontender testicular mass
-
A person has been diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
that is positive for the Philadelphia chromosome. What statement by
the healthcare professional is most appropriate?
We are planning to get your disease in remission, but it will be hard.
-
A healthcare professional is reviewing a patient's laboratory results
and sees that the patient has a low reticulocyte count and a high iron
level. Which type of anemia does the professional associate these
findings with?
Folate deficiency anemia
-
What directly causes ovulation during
the menstrual cycle?
Sudden increase of LH
-
A patient has been hospitalized for a large deep vein thrombosis and
states he is the third person in his family to have this condition in the
last 2 years. What response by the healthcare professional is most
appropriate?
We can test your blood for factor V Leiden.
-
A professor explains to a class that the
reason lymph nodes enlarge and become tender during infection is
because of what reason?
B lymphocytes proliferate.
-
A parent brings a 10-year-old child to the clinic and reports a mottled appearance to the skin and legs cramps when the child is in physical education class. Physical
assessment positive for upper extremity hypertension. What diagnostic testing or treatment does the healthcare professional prepare the family for?
An echocardiogram
-
A healthcare professional had taught a
pregnant woman about the risk of transmitting herpes simplex virus
(HSV) from her to her fetus. What statement by the woman indicates
the professional needs to provide more information?
Neonatal infection with HSV rarely occurs in the intrapartum or postpartum period.
-
Which statement by the professor best describes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and the presence of bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray imaging
-
What is the role of thromboxane A (TXA 2) in the secretion stage of
hemostasis?
stimulates platelet aggregation
-
Parents report their 3-week-old infant who eats well and has gained
weight began to have projectile vomiting for no apparent reason.
What treatment option does the healthcare professional prepare to
educate the parents on?
Corrective surgery
-
A child has Duchenne muscular
dystrophy. What complication does the healthcare professional teach
the parents is most important to control?
Respiratory infection
-
To quickly assess a patient's nervous
system for dysfunction, what assessment should the healthcare
professional perform as the priority?
Level of consciousness
-
A patient has been
diagnosed with lithium toxicity. Which electrolyte imbalance does the healthcare professional correlate with this condition?
Hyponatremia
-
A severely malnourished patient is in the hospital to improve
nutrition. On the second day, the patient reports palpitations and
difficulty breathing. After placing the patient on a cardiac monitor,
what action does the health care professional take next?
Have labs drawn for electrolyte levels
-
Gait disturbances and instability are characteristic of which form of cerebral palsy?
Ataxic
-
A healthcare professional works with
recent refugees. A mother brings in her children who have been
diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. What action by the
professional is most appropriate?
Arrange to test for parasitic infections.
-
Which pain theory proposes that a
balance of impulses conducted from the spinal cord to the higher
centers in the central nervous system (CNS) modulates the
transmission of pain?
Gate control theory (GCT)
-
Which statement is likely true
regarding children being treated for cancer with radiation therapy?
They are at increased risk for developing childhood cancers.
-
A patient had a seizure that consisted
of impaired consciousness and the appearance of a dreamlike state.
How does the healthcare professional chart this episode?
Complex focal seizure
-
A child has Duchenne muscular
dystrophy and the parents want to know how this occurred. Which
statement by the healthcare professional is most accurate?
X-linked recessive inheritance
-
A patient is in the Emergency
Department with heat stroke. What finding does the healthcare
provider associate with this condition?
Absence of sweating despite a high core temperature
-
In acute hypothermia, what
physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to the
body core in an effort to decrease heat loss?
Peripheral vasoconstriction
-
Clinical manifestations that include
irregular or heavy bleeding, the passage of large clots, and the
depletion of iron stores support which diagnosis?
Abnormal uterine bleeding
-
An adult patient has been hospitalized
with thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 8000/mm 3. What
action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?
Tell the patient not to get out of bed without assistance
-
A man reports to the healthcare professional that he had a sudden onset of malaise, low back pain, and perineal pain with high fever and chills, dysuria, nocturia, and urinary retention. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?
Assist the man in obtaining a urine sample.
-
The disruption in cellular
adhesion observed in bullous impetigo is caused by an exfoliative toxin related to which organism?
Staphylococcus aureus
-
A healthcare professional is seeing a patient with suspected schizophrenia. For which prenatal
occurrence should the professional assess?
Viral infection
-
A child has cystic fibrosis (CF). Which
medication does the healthcare professional teach the parents about?
Pancreatic enzymes
-
A healthcare professional is discussing breast feeding with a pregnant
woman. Which beneficial substance does the professional tell the
mother is found in breast milk?
IgA
-
Which condition is considered a clinical cause of amenorrhea?
Failure to ovulate
-
The healthcare professional obtains a chest x-ray
which shows a mediastinal mass. What other assessment or diagnostic test does the professional provide as a priority?
Listen to heart sounds.
-
What initiates
inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Immune complexes
-
The student asks the professor for a definition of orexigenic neurons. What description by the professor is most accurate?
Promote appetite and stimulate eating
-
A health care professional is teaching a group of college women about
increasing calcium in the diet to prevent osteoporosis. A participant
asks at what age is peak bone mass is reached in women. What
response is best?
30 years
-
A patient is 8 hours postoperative after a long orthopedic
procedure. The student asks why this patient is at particular risk of
developing a thromboembolism. What response by the healthcare
professional is best?
Patients tend to have venous stasis from orthopedic operations
-
A
healthcare professional is caring for a patient who was rewarmed after
suffering from hypothermia. What possible long-term complication
will the professional continue to assess the patient for?
Renal failure
-
Which patient finding would lead the health care professional to assess the patient for inflammatory joint disease?
Systemic symptoms of inflammation
-
A child has
osteosarcoma and the healthcare team is assessing for metastases.
What diagnostic study would be the priority?
Chest x-ray or CT scan
-
Compared with an
adult, an infant has a greater content of extracellular fluid, as well as a greater rate of fluid exchange. What effect does this have on the fluid balance of a child compared with that of an adult?
The control of dehydration is more difficult
-
What is the consequence of a splenectomy?
The number of defective cells in circulation increases
-
A student reads in a chart that a child has been diagnosed with mixed precocious puberty and asks for an explanation. What explanation by the healthcare professional is most accurate?
When a child develops some secondary sex characteristics of the opposite sex
-
A patient is in
status epilepticus. In addition to giving medication to stop the
seizures, what would the healthcare professional place highest priority on?
Providing oxygen
-
A woman diagnosed with trichomoniasis asks if her sexual partner should be treated as well. What is the appropriate response by the healthcare professional?
Sexual partners should be treated even if they are asymptomatic.
-
A mother reports that her young teens have voracious appetites.
The healthcare professional would explain that which hormone is
linked to an increase in appetite during puberty?
Leptin
-
A patient has chronic anemia
associated with chronic renal failure. What substance does the
healthcare professional tell the patient is needed to treat this anemia?
Erythropoietin
-
A man has balanitis. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?
- Perform a finger stick for a blood
- glucose reading.
-
The healthcare professional educates the woman on the
need for a blood test specifically to assess what substance?
alpha-Fetoprotein
-
A healthcare professional has taught a parent group about the causes of enuresis. What statement by a parent indicates the professional needs to give more information?
Elevated levels of vasopressin may cause enuresis
-
What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
Albumin
-
A healthcare professional in an urban clinic is seeing a patient
who has iron deficiency anemia (IDA). What question by the
professional is most appropriate to assess for the cause of IDA?
Have you ever noticed any blood in your stool?
-
A healthcare professional wants to
volunteer for a community education project to help prevent spinal cord injury. What activity would the professional most likely
volunteer for?
Teaching older adults how to prevent trip-and-fall events
-
In immunoglobulin
G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in which location?
Glomerulus basement membranes
-
A patient has been exposed to prolonged
high environmental temperatures and now shows signs of
dehydration, decreased plasma volumes, hypotension, decreased
cardiac output, and tachycardia. What treatment does the healthcare
professional prepare to administer to this patient?
Give the patient plenty of cool fluids to drink.
-
What does the student learn distinguishes kwashiorkor from
marasmus?
Subcutaneous fat, hepatomegaly, and fatty liver are present in kwashiorkor.
-
A patient in the clinic had a femur x-ray that was read as having a
moth-eaten appearance. What treatment option does the health care professional discuss with the patient?
Limb salvaging surgery
-
What diagnosis is given to parents when their infant's hip maintains contact with the acetabulum but is not well seated within the hip joint?
Subluxated hip
-
A hospitalized patient's lab work is as follows: WBC 2000, bands
14.8%, and segmented neutrophils 5. The healthcare professional
calculates the patient's absolute neutrophil count (ANC). What action does the professional take next?
Implements protocols to prevent life-threatening infections
-
A patient has damage to the lower pons and medulla. What
finding does the healthcare professional associate with this injury?
Flaccid response in the upper and lower extremities
-
In infectious mononucleosis (IM),
what does the Monospot test detect?
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
-
What is the link between major depression and cortisol secretion?
Individuals with depression show that persistently elevated plasma cortisol levels can result in inflammation that is believed to trigger depression
-
An infant has been diagnosed with
intussusception and the student asks the healthcare professional to
explain the condition. What explanation by the professional is most accurate?
One part of the intestine telescopes into another section of the intestine.
-
A healthcare professional is planning a community event to reduce risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in high risk groups. Which group
would the professional target as the priority?
Hypertension
-
A patient has primary
immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and is hospitalized after a
bleeding episode. What treatment does the healthcare provider
anticipate being ordered for this patient?
Infusion of IVIG
-
The healthcare professor states that a patient has reached pain tolerance. What further information from the professor is most accurate?
The patient cannot endure a higher level of pain intensity at this point.
-
A patient has defective secretion of the intrinsic factor leading to anemia. What treatment option does the healthcare professional discuss with the patient?
Vitamin B 12 injections initially given once a week
-
How is gonorrhea transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus?
Predominately through infected cervical and secretions during the birth process
-
What is the first indication of
nephrotic syndrome in children?
Periorbital edema
-
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of individuals
with what?
Major depression
-
Which cells function to maintain bone matrix?
osteocytes
-
A healthcare professional is teaching a community group about inherited
disorders. What pattern of inheritance does the professional describe for sickle cell disease?
Inherited autosomal recessive disorder
-
A patient in the hospital has been receiving heparin injections. The platelet count on admission was 222,000/mm3 and four days later is 113,000/mm3. What action by the healthcare professional is best?
Switch the heparin to lepirudin
-
A student asks the health care professional why obese people are at higher risk for hypertension than non-obese individuals. What response by the professional is best?
They produce more angiotensinogen.
-
A patient is in the intensive care unit and has intercranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The patient's ICP is 17 mmHg. The healthcare professional notes that the chart indicates the patient is now in stage 1 intracranial
hypertension. What assessment finding does the professional associate with this condition?
No significant change in ICP readings
-
A healthcare professional is trying to lower a patient's body temperature by
convection. What action by the professional will accomplish this?
Obtain a fan and set it to blow over the patient.
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