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the skeleton acts as a what
the skeleton acts as a calcium reserve
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why is it important for the skeleton to act as a calcuim reserve
important for numerous intracellular activities of neuron and muscle cells, particularly cardiac cells
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how is Ca homeostasis maintained
it is maintained by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
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what is osteopaenia
reduced bone mass due to inadequate ossification as osteoblast activity declines but osteoclats activity remains the same, develop into osteoporosis
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describe haematoma formation
extensive bleeding occurs, haematoma closes off injured vessels, fibrous meshwork produced
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describe callus formation
internal callus [fibrous tissue and cartilage] unites edges of fracture, external callus [cartilage and bone] stabilises outer edges
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describe spongy bone formation
osteoblasts replace external callus with spongy bone, ends of fracture are stable and can withstand normal muscle contractions
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describe compact bone formation
fracture area is remodelled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts , repair is as strong or stronger than original bone
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what is haematoma
a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissue
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what is internal callus produced by
produced by chondrocytes
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what is external callus produced by
produced by chondrocytes and osreoblasts
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what bones are apart of the axial skeleton
bones of the head and trunk
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how many bones are apart of the axial skeleton
80 bones
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describe the skull
8 cranial & 14 facial
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what are the bones associated with the skull
6 auditory and hyoid bone
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what is the vertebral column
24 vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
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what is the thoracic cage
sternum and 24 ribs
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what does the axial skeleton do
its framework that supports and protects brain, spinal cord, thoracic and abdominal organs
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describe the axial skeleton
- extensive surface area for attachment of muscles
- joints are very strong with limited movements- many ligaments
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what is the hyoid bone
a U shaped bone in the neck which supports the tongue
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describe the ribs
- 7 pairs true ribs[ articulate directly with the sternum]
- false ribs connect indirectly via cartilage
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name the bones associated with the axial skeleton
- skull;
- cranium
- face
- associated bones;
- auditory ossicles
- hyoid bone
- thoracic cage;
- sternum
- ribs
- vertebral column
- vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx
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on an infant skull what do fontanels allow for
fontanels allow for rapid stretching and deformation of neurocranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow
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what is a fontanel
a fontanel is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising any of the soft membranous gaps between the cranial bones that make up the top of the skull of an infant
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