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Two Major Types of Ethical Systems
- 1) Deontological (from the Greek deon, meaning "duty," and logos, meaning "logic"), in which the locus of value is the act or kind of
- act.
- 2) Teleological (from the Greek teleos, meaning "having reached one's end" or "goal directed"), in which the locus of value is the outcome or consequences of the act.
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____________systems see certain features in the act itself as having intrinsic value.
Deontological (non-consequentialist)
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___________systems see the ultimate criterion of morality in some nonmoral value that results from acts.
Teleological (consequentialist)
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is a person whose ethical decision making aims solely at maximizing nonmoral goods, such as pleasure, happiness, welfare, and the amelioration of suffering.
teleologist
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The standard of right or wrong action for the teleologist is the_____________ of the available actions: the act that is right produces the best consequences.
comparative consequences
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is concerned only with the rightness of the act itself, the teleologist asserts that there is no such thing as an act having intrinsic worth.
Deontologist
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the act of lying is intrinsically bad
According to Deontologist
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the only thing wrong with lying is the bad consequences it produces.
According to Teleologist
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is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences).
Utilitarianism
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Two Main Features of Utilitarianism
- The consequentialist principle.
- The utility principle.
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It states that the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the goodness or badness of the results that flow from it.
The consequentialist principle.
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It states that the only thing that is good in itself is some specific type of state (for example, pleasure, happiness, welfare).
The utility principle
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Two Types of Utilitarianism
- Act utilitarianism
- Rule utilitarianism
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Define utilitarianism
- Greatest good for the greatest number of people
- Ends justify the means
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Strengths of utilitarianism
- Universally understood/ shared happiness
- Communally benefitted
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Weaknesses of utilitarianism
- Based assumptions of outcomes
- Comparative consequences
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He studied at the University of Oxford at the age of 12, and graduated at the age of 15.
He then studied law, and he was called to the bar at the age of 19.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was a very remarkable man.
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Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall
Bentham: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
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Bentham invented a scheme for measuring pleasure and pain that he called the________
hedonic calculus
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The seven aspects of a pleasurable or painful experience:
- intensity-how strong
- duration-how long
- certainty-how sure
- nearness-how soon
- fruitfulness-probability of other good outcomes
- purity-probability of other bad outcomes
- extent-scope
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Bentham’s version of utilitarianism was, in his own day, referred to as the______
pig philosophy (sensual gratification)
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saves utilitarianism from the charge of being a pig philosophy.
He defines happiness in terms of certain types of higher-order pleasures or satisfactions, such as intellectual, aesthetic, and social enjoyments, as well as in terms of minimal suffering.
John Stuart Mill
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There are two types of pleasures:
- The lower (for example, eating, drinking, sexuality, resting, and sensuous titillation).
- The higher (for example, high culture, scientific knowledge, intellectuality, creativity, and spirituality).
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An act is right if and only if it results in as much good as any available alternative.
Act utilitarianism
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An act is right if and only if it is required by a rule that is itself a member of a set of rules whose acceptance would lead to greater utility for society than any available alternative.
Rule Utilitarianism
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