CH 37 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

How does chest wall compliance in an infant differ from that of an adult?
A. An adult’s chest wall compliance is lower than an infant’s.
B. An adult’s chest wall compliance is the same as an infant’s.
C. An adult’s chest wall compliance is higher than an infant’s.
D. An adult’s chest wall compliance is dissimilar to that of an infant’s.

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?
A. Their epiglottis is proportionally greater than the epiglottis of an adult’s.
B. Their noses are small in diameter.
C. Infants become dehydrated when mouth breathing.
D. Infants are obligatory nose breathers.

The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when
they are born between how many weeks of gestation?
A. 20 and 24
B. 30 and 36
C. 24 and 30
D. 16 and 20

Which type of croup is most common?
A. Bacterial 
B. Fungal
C. Autoimmune
D. Viral

What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the
newborn?
A. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
B. Premature birth
C. Low birth weight
D. Smoking during pregnancy

What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
A. Immature immune system 
B. Surfactant deficiency
C. Anemia
D. Small alveoli

What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the
newborn?
A. Bronchiolar plugging
B. Atelectasis
C. Consolidation 
D. Pulmonary edema

Which option shows the correct sequence of events after atelectasis develops in respiratory
distress syndrome of the newborn?
A. Respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia, hypercapnia
B. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance, atelectasis, hypoperfusion
C. Hypoxic vasoconstriction, right-to-left shunt hypoperfusion
D. Right-to-left shunt, hypoxic vasoconstriction, hypoperfusion

Which statement about the advances in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
(RDS) of the newborn is incorrect?
A. Using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) supports the infant’s respiratory function.
B. Treatment includes the instillation of exogenous surfactant down an endotracheal tube of infants weighing less than 1000 g.
C. Administering glucocorticoids to women in preterm labor accelerates the maturation of the fetus’s lungs.
D. Administering oxygen to mothers during preterm labor increases their arterial oxygen before the birth of the fetus.

Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what
type of infection?
A. Rhinovirus
B. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C. Adenoviruses
D. Influenzavirus

Which statement best describes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
a. An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary
compliance, and the presence of bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray imaging
c. A respiratory disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
d. A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency

Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute
epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication?
A. Retropharyngeal abscess 
B. Laryngospasms
C. Gagging induced aspiration
D. Rupturing of the tonsils

Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary
compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging
c. Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency

Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process?
A. Autosomal dominant inheritance
B. Infection
C. Malignancy
D. Autosomal recessive inheritance 

Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often
occur?
A. 2 and 4
B. 6 and 7
C. 5 and 6
D. 0 and 1

Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children
finally lodge?
A. Trachea 
B. Bronchus
C. Left lung
D. Bronchioles

Which statement is false regarding alveoli? 
A. The alveoli begin to increase in size starting at 8 years of age.
B. These structures produce surfactant.
C. The complexity of the alveoli increases into adulthood.
D. Capillaries are the origin of alveoli.

Which symptom is not a clinical manifestation of croup?
A. Coarse rhonchi
B. Rhinorrhea
C. Low-grade fever
D. Barking cough
E. Sore throat

Tracheal problems
A. Inspiratory wheezes
B. High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse
C. Muffled voice
D. Sonorous snoring
E. Expiratory stridor or monophonic wheeze

Laryngeal problems
A. Inspiratory wheezes
B. Expiratory stridor or monophonic wheeze
C. High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse
D. Muffled voice
E. Sonorous snoring

Upper trachea obstruction
A. Expiratory stridor or monophonic wheeze
B. Inspiratory wheezes
C. Sonorous snoring
D. Muffled voice
E. High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse

Nasopharyngeal obstruction, such as adenotonsillar hypertrophy
A. Sonorous snoring
B. Inspiratory wheezes
C. High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse
D. Expiratory stridor or monophonic wheeze
E. Muffled voice

Supralaryngeal obstructions
A. Sonorous snoring
B. High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse
C. Inspiratory wheezes
D. Expiratory stridor or monophonic wheeze
E. Muffled voice