CH 34 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation?
A. Fourth and seventh weeks 
B. Twelfth and fourteenth weeks
C. Eighth and tenth weeks
D. Fifteenth and seventeenth weeks

The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur?
A. Blood flow to the lungs
B. Left-to-right blood shunting
C. Blood flow from the umbilical cord
D. Right-to-left blood shunting 

At birth, which statement is true?
A. Gas exchange shifts from the placenta to the lung.
B. Systemic resistance and pulmonary resistance rise.
C. Systemic resistance falls and pulmonary resistance rises.
D. Systemic resistance and pulmonary resistance fall.

When does systemic vascular resistance in infants begin to increase?
A. One month before birth
B. One hour after birth
C. Once the placenta is removed from circulation
D. During the beginning stage of labor

Which event triggers congenital heart defects that cause acyanotic congestive heart
failure?
A. Left-to-right shunts
B. Obstructive lesions
C. Right-to-left shunts 
D. Mixed lesions

Older children with an unrepaired cardiac septal defect experience cyanosis because of
which factor?
A. Right-to-left shunts 
B. Obstructive lesions
C. Mixed lesions
D. Left-to-right shunts

Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome?
A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
B. Atrial septal defect (ASD) and dextrocardia
C. Coarctation of the aorta (COA) and pulmonary stenosis (PS)
D. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus

An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal
border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on
palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
A. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
B. Atrial septal defect (ASD) 
C. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
D. Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect

What is the most common cause of chronic sustained hypertension observed only in a newborn?
A. Congenital renal malformation
B. Renal artery stenosis
C. Renal parenchymal disease 
D. Primary hypertension

What is the suggested mean blood pressure for an 8- to 9-year-old child?
A. 121/70 mm Hg
B. 104/55 mm Hg 
C. 112/62 mm Hg
D. 106/58 mm Hg

What is the suggested mean blood pressure for an 6- to 7-year-old child?
A. 104/55 mm Hg 
B. 106/58 mm Hg
C. 121/70 mm Hg
D. 112/62 mm Hg

What is the suggested mean blood pressure for an 12- to 13-year-old child?
A. 106/58 mm Hg
B. 112/62 mm Hg
C. 121/70 mm Hg
D. 104/55 mm Hg 

What congenital heart defect is not associated with intrauterine exposure to rubella? 
A. Cardiomegaly
B. Coarctation of aorta (COA)
C. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
D. Pulmonary stenosis (PS)

What is the initial manifestation of aortic coarctation observed in a neonate?
A. Congestive heart failure (CHF) 
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Cor pulmonale
D. Cerebral hypertension

An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) would likely exhibit
which symptom?
A. Lack of symptoms
B. Triad of congenital defects
C. Need for surgical repair
D. Intermittent murmur