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is the umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc.
Textile
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are fibres or filaments spun into a yarn and then woven or knit into fabrics.
Textiles
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Types of Textile based on Purpose
- Consumer textiles
- Technical textiles
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Used for clothing, furnishing, beddings, crafts and other domestic purposes.
Consumer textiles
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used for industrial purposes
Technical textiles
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The smallest component of fabric that are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to make fabrics.
Are very thin and hair-like structures.
Fibers
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A source of fiber that is produced from a plants, animals and minerals
Natural fibers
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A source of fiber that is manufactured with chemical synthesis
Synthetic fiber
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The sources of fibers may be:
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A generic term for a continuous strand of textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for knitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric.
Yarn
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Fibre length is used to broadly divide yarns into:
- Spun yarns
- (made from short, staple fibres, non-woven)
- Filament yarns
- (made from continuous filament fibres; knitted or woven)
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2 or more yarns that are not a like are put together; sometimes have loops around each other.
Novelty yarns
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Examples of natural fibers
- Cotton
- Flax/linen
- Jute/bamboo
- Wool
- Silk
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Examples of man made fibers
- Polyester/vinyl
- Rayon/cellulose
- Fiberglass
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A construction style in which entire piece of fabric is dyed after production. A mix of fibers can create a multi-colored effect
Non-woven
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A construction style in which vertical and horizontal yarns interface to form a fabric
Woven
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A construction style in which yarns create interlocking loops to form a fabric
Knitted
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Entire piece of fabric is dyed after construction. A mix of fibers can create a muiti-colored effect.
Piece dyed
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Yam is dyed before the fabric is constructed.
Yarn dyed
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Pattern is created by weaving different colored fabrics together
Woven in
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Pattern applied to face of fabric, usually appears on only one side.
Printed
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most widely used in apparel, grows in a boll around the seeds of cotton plants. A single fibre is an elongated cell that is a flat, twisted, hollow, ribbon-like structure.
- COTTON
- Characteristics
- Fair to good strength
- Very little elasticity
- Less resilient and prone to wrinkling
- Comfortable and soft feel
- Good absorbency
- Conducts heat well
- Damaged by insects, mildew, rot and moths
- Weakened by extended sunlight exposure
- Applications
- Commonly used in woven and knitted apparel
- Home textile – bath towels, bath robes, bed covers etc.
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one of the most expensive natural fibres, is made from the flax plant. It is labour-intensive to produce, and is valued for its exceptional coolness and freshness in hot weather.
- LINEN(FLAX)
- Characteristics
- Strongest cellulose fibre
- Poor elasticity, hence wrinkles easily
- Relatively smooth, becomes softer when washed
- Highly absorbent
- Good conductor of heat and feels cool
- Lustrous
- More brittle, constant creasing in the sharp folds, tends to break
- Damaged by mildew, perspiration and bleach
- Resistant to moths and carpet beetles
- Application
- Apparel - suits, dresses, skirts, shirts etc.
- Home and commercial furnishing items – table cloths, dish towels, bed sheets, etc.
- Industrial products - luggage, canvas etc. The
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taken from a tall plant of the same name and it is easy to cultivate and harvest. It is the cheapest fibre and is used in great quantities.
JUTE
- Characteristics
- It is not durable as it deteriorates rapidly when exposed to moisture
- Less strength
- Cannot be bleached to make it pure white due to lack of strength
- Application
- Binding threads for carpets, coarse and cheap fabrics, heavy bagging etc.
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A woody fibre resembling flax and it is also known as rhea and China grass. It is taken from a tall flowering plant.
- RAMIE
- Characteristics
- Stiff
- More brittle
- Lustrous
- Application
- Canvas, upholstery, clothing, etc.
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made using fibers from the stalks of the Cannabis sativa plant.
HEMP
- Characteristics
- extraordinarily tensile and durable textile fibers
- high absorbency
- Application
- Tablecloth, towels, upholstery, clothing, etc.
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comes from a fiber made from the abaca plant which is native to the Philippines and some areas of Indonesia.
ABACA
- Characteristics
- very stout material with high tensile strength
- lightweight, flexible
- Application
- Tablecloth, upholstery, clothing, etc.
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grows from the skin of sheep and is a relatively coarse and crimped fibre with scales on its surface. It is composed of protein. The fibre appearance varies depending on the breed of the sheep.
WOOL
- Characteristics
- Crimped in appearance
- Elastic
- Hygroscopic, readily absorbs moisture
- Ignites at a higher temperature than cotton
- Lower rate of flame spread, heat release and combustion heat
- Resistant to static electricity
- Application
- Clothing – jackets, suits, trousers, sweaters, hats etc.
- Blankets, carpets, felt and upholstery
- Horse rugs, saddle cloths
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a fine, continuous strand unwound from the cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm. It is composed of protein. It is very shiny due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles.
SILK
- Characteristics
- Lustrous, smooth and soft texture and not slippery
- Lightweight, strong, but can lose up to 20% of its strength when wet
- Elasticity is moderate to poor. If elongated, it remains stretched
- Can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight
- May be affected by insects, especially if left dirty
- Can regain up to 11% of its moisture
- Application
- Shirts, ties, blouses, formal dresses, high-fashion clothes
- Lingerie, pyjamas, robes, dress suits and sun dresses
- Upholstery, wall coverings, and wall hangings
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made from naturally occurring polymers that simulate natural cellulosic fibres.
RAYON
- Characteristics
- Soft, smooth and comfortable
- Naturally high in lustre
- Highly absorbent
- Durability and shape retention is low, especially when wet
- Low elastic recovery
- Normally weak, but HWM rayon is much stronger, durable and has good appearance retention.
- Application
- Apparel - blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, suits, neck ties etc.
- Furnishing items - bedspreads, bed sheets, blankets, window treatments, upholstery etc.
- Industrial uses e.g. medical surgery products, non-woven products, tyre cord etc.
- Other uses - feminine hygiene products, diapers, towels etc.
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is thermoplastic and can be formed into any shape by application of pressure combined with heat. have good shape retention.
ACETATE
- Characteristics
- Thermoplastic
- Good drapability
- Soft, smooth and resilient
- Wicks and dries quickly
- Lustrous appearance
- Weak, rapidly loses strength when wet, must be dry-cleaned
- Poor abrasion resistance
- Application
- Primarily in apparel - blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, suits, neck ties, etc.
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a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings. The elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are combined by chemical processes into compounds which react to form long-chain molecules, chemically known as polyamides and are then formed into fibres
NYLON
- Characteristics
- Highly resilient
- High elongation and elasticity
- Very strong and durable
- Excellent abrasion resistance
- Thermoplastic
- Has the ability to be very lustrous, semi-lustrous or dull
- Resistant to insects, fungi, mildew and rot
- Application
- Apparel – pantyhose, stockings, leggings, etc.
- Home furnishing
- Industrial applications - parachutes, tyre cords, ropes, airbags, hoses, etc.
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any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, but not restricted to substituted terapthalate units and para-substituted hydroxybenzoate units. In producing such fibres, the basic elements of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are polymerised.
POLYESTER
- Characteristics
- Thermoplastic
- Good strength
- Hydrophobic (non absorbent)
- Application
- Apparel – woven and knits, shirts, pants, jackets, hats etc.
- Home furnishing – bed sheets, blankets, upholstered furniture, cushioning material
- Industrial uses – conveyor belts, safety belts, tyre reinforcement
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any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% of segmented polyurethane. The basic elements of nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen are synthesised with other substances to ethyl ester compounds in polymer chains of soft segments or sections that provide stretch and harder segments that hold the chain together.
SPANDEX
- Characteristics
- Highly elastic
- Comfortable
- High shape retention
- Durable
- Application
- Swimwear, athletic, aerobic apparel
- Lingerie, leggings and socks
- Shaped garments e.g. bra cups
- Gloves
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any long chain polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units. Using complicated processes, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, the basic elements are synthesized with small amounts of other chemicals into larger polymer combinations.
ACRYLIC
- Characteristics
- Soft, warm handling characteristics similar to wool
- Resilient
- Shape retentive
- Application
- Apparel
- Home furnishing
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Utra heavy duty plain weave made with cotton and linen
CANVAS
- From: China 3000 BC
- Cultural Fact: Designed to be sturdy enough for sails and tents. Also called saildoes
- Where to Use: Artists paint on it, but it's also great for uphoistery that needs durabaty more than softness. Use when recovering a foot-stool or ottoman
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Offset weave forms a diagonal pattern that is stronger, thicker and hides soil better than plain weave.
TWILL
- From Scotland
- Cultural Fact: Denim, tweed houndstooth and herringbone are all twills
- Where to Use: Twill is often used in apparel but its beautiful for curtains as well The
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Variation of twill weave that forms a chevron or 'V" pattern
HERRINGBONE
From: Ireland
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Compact weave, Warp floats over many went yarns to produce sheen on one side.
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woven fabric with a strong horizontal slub, originally silk
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Woven or knitted fabric with out pile on the surface that gives it a fuzzy feel
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Design inspired by garden tresses and
Moroccan ties.
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A classic leaf-inspired pattern often in repeating pendants, can be jacquard or printed
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Denim-ake twill with double stripes, traditional ty in indigo or black on white.
- TICKING STRIPE
- From: France
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Wide striped design inspired by fabric awnings on storefronts
- AWNING STRIPE
- From: United States
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Threads are dyed several colors with a tie dye type method and then woven to form intricate patterns
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Patter is woven in so that reverse: appears on opposite sides
- JACQUARD
- From: France(Lyon)
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