Pricking one’s finger with a needle would cause minimal pain, whereas experiencing
abdominal surgery would produce more pain. This distinction is an example of which pain
theory?
B.
According to the specificity theory, a direct relationship exists between the intensity of pain and the extent of tissue injury
Which pain theory proposes that a balance of impulses conducted from the spinal cord to
the higher centers in the central nervous system (CNS) modulates the transmission of
pain?
D.
Only the gate control theory (GCT) explains that a balance of impulses conducted to the spinal cord, where cells in the substantia gelatinosa function as a spinal gate, regulates pain transmission to higher centers in the CNS.
Which type of nerve fibers transmits pain impulses?
C.
Of the available options, only medium-sized A-delta fibers transmit pain impulses.
Where are the primary-order pain transmitting neurons located within the spinal cord?
D.
The cell bodies of the primary-order neurons, or pain-transmitting neurons, reside only in
the dorsal root ganglia just lateral to the spine along the sensory pathways that penetrate
the posterior part of the cord.
The gate in the GCT of pain is located in the:
C.
The synaptic connections between the cells of the primary- and secondary-order neurons
located in the substantia gelatinosa and other Rexed laminae function as a pain gate
Which spinal tract carries the most nociceptive information?
C.
Most nociceptive information travels by means of ascending columns in the lateral
spinothalamic tract
The major relay station of sensory information is located in the:
B.
Where in the CNS does a person’s learned pain response occur?
B.
Massage therapy relieves pain by closing the pain gate with the stimulation which fibers?
C.
What part of the brain provides the emotional response to pain?
B.
The limbic and reticular tracts are involved in alerting the body to danger, initiating
arousal of the organism, and emotionally processing the perceived afferent signals, not just as stimuli, but also as pain.
Which neurotransmitters inhibit pain in the medulla and pons?
A.
Which endogenous opioid is located in the hypothalamus and pituitary and is a strong
mu-receptor agonist?
A.
What is the term that denotes the duration of time or the intensity of pain that a person will endure before outwardly responding?
D.
Pain that warns of actual or impending tissue injury is referred to as what?
B.
Which description characterizes visceral pain?
A.
Of the options provided, only visceral pain refers to pain in internal organs and the
abdomen and is transmitted by sympathetic afferents. Visceral pain is poorly localized
because of fewer nociceptors in the visceral structures.
When caring for a person who has experienced pain for 3 days, anxiety is likely to produce
which physical signs that a nurse would expect to find?
D.
Enkephalins and endorphins act to relieve pain by which process?
D.
What is a long-term complication of rewarming as a treatment for hypothermia?
C.
Rewarming can result in long-term complications that include congestive heart failure,
hepatic and renal failure, abnormal erythropoiesis, myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, and
neurologic dysfunctions. Short-term complications of rewarming include acidosis,
rewarming shock, and dysrhythmias.
How does the release (increase) of epinephrine raise body temperature?
B.
Using a fan to reduce body temperature is an example of which mechanism of heat loss?
B.
Up to how many liters of fluid per hour may be lost by sweating?
B.
Heat loss from the body via radiation occurs by:
D.
Which cytokines are endogenous pyrogens?
C.
Which hormones help diminish the febrile response?
D.
Prolonged high environmental temperatures that produce dehydration, decreased plasma
volumes, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and tachycardia cause which disorder of
temperature regulation?
D.
In acute hypothermia, what physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to
the body core in an effort to decrease heat loss?
B.
A heat stroke is characterized by:
D.
When the core temperature reaches or exceeds 40.5° C (104.9° F), the brain may be
preferentially cooled by maximal blood flow through the veins of the head and face,
specifically the forehead. Sweat production on the face is maintained even during
dehydration.
Which medication is used to reverse the effects of malignant hyperthermia?
B.
Treatment includes the withdrawal of the provoking agents and the administration of
dantrolene sodium (a skeletal relaxant that inhibits calcium release during muscle
contraction).
When comparing the effects of acute and chronic pain on an individual, chronic pain is
more often:
D.
When considering the risk factors for the development of phantom limb pain, the nurse
recognizes which as a primary contributing factor?
D.
Based on an understanding of the physiologic process of nociceptors, the nurse expects which surgical procedure to create more pain?
A.
The basis of the specificity theory of pain is that:
B.
Which statement is true regarding the gate control theory (GCT) of pain?
C.
Which is not a reason children are more susceptible to heat stroke than are adults?
A.
Heat exhaustion results in the following except for:
A.
It is false that a fever:
E.
Pain that results from tumor infiltration of nerve tissue, from trauma or chemical injury to
the nerve, or from damage from radiation, chemotherapy, or surgical sectioning of the
nerve
C.
Pain that is thought to be caused by trauma or disease of nerves and leads to abnormal
processing of sensory information by the peripheral and central nervous systems
C.
Pain that occurs after peripheral nerve injury and is described as continuous with severe
sensations and a burning quality
B.
Pain that is the result of muscle spasms, tenderness, and stiffness and leads to muscle
guarding that limits muscle motion
B.
Which theory postulates patterns are normally activated by sensory inputs from the periphery, but may originate independently in the brain with no external input?
C.
Pain inhibitors include the following except for:
B.
Pain facilitators include the following except for:
B.
Common excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain and spinal cord include the following except for:
D.
Which is not included in the four types of neuron opioid receptors:
D.
Endogenous opioids include the following except for:
C.
Which opioid is the most prevalent of the natural opioids and binds to delta opioid receptors?
B.
Which natural opioid binds to mu receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and produces the greatest sense of exhilaration as well as substantial natural pain relief?
A.
Which natural opioid binds strongly with kappa receptors and play a role in mood disorders and drug addiction?
C.
Which natural opioid binds with mu receptors throughout the brain, brainstem, and gastrointestinal tract and have analgesic and antiinflammatory effects?
A.
Accidental hyperthermia include the following except for:
