Pharma (Herbs)

is any plant that we used for culinary or medical purposes.

the basis of therapeutic value of plants

Used to treat sleeplessness, anxiety and stomach or intestinal ailments. Side effects: allergic reaction from mild skin reactions to anaphylaxis.

Has a long history of uses as a treatment for bronchitis, gastrointestinal problems, anorexia, and diabetes.
Usually safe if taken in amounts of no more than 6 g per day.

contains much larger amounts and may decrease blood clotting

Reported to lower cholesterol, decrease blood pressure and reduce heart disease.
Used to prevent cancer of the stomach and colon.
Has fewer side effects but may cause heartburn and upset stomach
It has been associated with body odor

Used to treat postoperative, pregnancy-related, and chemotherapy related nausea as well as motion sickness and diarrhea.
Provide relief of pain, swelling, and stiffness of both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects: gas, bloating, heartburn and nausea

Use to treat asthma, bronchitis, fatigue and tinnitus, it recent time it is used to improve memory, prevent Alzheimer disease and other dementia, sexual dysfunction and multiple sclerosis.
Side effects: headache, nausea, Gl upset, dizziness and allergic reactions that
include severe reactions leading to death.
In patients taking blood thinners it has been shown to increase bleeding risk.

Boost immune system, increase person's well being, and increase stamina, used to treat erectile dysfunction, hepatitis C, and menopausal symptoms and to lower glucose and blood pressure. Patient with diabetes should used caution especially if used in conjunction with other herbs or drugs because hypoglycemia may result.

Improve mental alertness, relieve headaches, protect against heart disease and cancer, and promote weight loss. Patient with liver disease should not use the product.

Used to treat a wide variety of ailments from nausea, indigestions, and irritable bowel syndrome to cold symptoms, headaches and muscle and nerve pain.
Side effects: possible allergic reaction and heartburn.

Used for heartburn, stomach ulcers, gallstones, inflammation, and cancer. High doses may cause nausea or diarrhea. Persons with gallbladder disease should avoid the herb because it may worsen condition.

Used more than one drug

Other factors related to substance use disorder:

is associated with higher drug use and deliquent behavior.

individual with _____are three times as likely as the general population to use drugs such as nicotine, alcohol, and drugs other than cannabis;

_____ is associated with alcohol use, particularly among young men.

Occurs “when the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home.”

Drugs that are misused typically increase the availability of dopamine and other neurotransmitters in the limbic system of the brain.

a structure that regulates our ability to feel pleasure and other emotions, both positive and negative.

Most of the drugs facilitates transmission of dopamine in the system, leading to____.

Some drugs increase the availability of other neurotransmitter, such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but the ___ effect on the reward system appears to be pivotal to substance use disorder.

Repeated use of drugs remodels the neural circuitry of the brain cells and reduces the responsiveness of receptors. This decreased the responsiveness leads to ___

teaches people to recognize and stop negative patterns of thinking and behavior and helps enhance self-control.

This approach is based on frequent monitoring of behavior and removal of rewards for drug use and was designed to provide incentives to reinforce positive behavior and help the person remain abstinent from drug use.

helps people with substance use disorders develop internally motivated changes and commit t specific plans to engage in treatment and seek recovery. It is often used early in the process to engage people in treatment.

Seeks to guide and support engagement in 12 steps programs such as alcoholics anonymous or narcotics anonymous.

Refraining from drug use

Strong desire for a drug or for the intoxicating effects of that drug

A condition that results in disturbance in the level of consciousness, cognition, perception, judgment, affect or behavior, or other psychological functions and responses.

Acute treatment for substance use disorder involving supervision, observation, support, intensive education and counseling that involves multidisciplinary treatment interventions

Requiring a significantly increased amount of a drug to achieve the desired effect

A group if symptoms of varying severity that occur upon cessation or reduction of use of a drug that has been taken repeatedly, usually for a prolonged period and/or in high doses; may be accompanied by signs of physiologic disturbances.

None of the 11 criteria for substance use disorder for at least 3 months (early remission, 3-13 months; sustained remission, after 12 months)

Environment where access to any drug is restricted (e.g treatment center or halfway house)

Diminished ability of an individual to control his or her use of a drug in terms of onset, level or termination

Recurrent drug use despite problems at work or school, interpersonal problems, or the cessation of social and recreational activities.

Types of substance use disorder

Inhibits the effects if GABA, thereby reducing neurotransmission in the brain.

inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, the enzyme that involved in metabolizing alcohol. Used in people who are newly abstinent.
Administered in tablet form dosage ranges from 125 to 500 mg daily.
Should not be taken 12 within 12 hours of alcohol consumption (including mouth wash, cough medicine or eating desserts that containing alcohol or eating foods cooked in alcohol. Should never be used in combination with eliglustat and ritonavir.

is a GABA analogue thought to work in the brain to restore the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition via GABA and glutamate. It should only be used in persons who are abstinent; may be continued through relapse. Usual dosing is 666 mg orally three times per day. Dosing adjusted in kidney disease, and serum creatinine level should be obtained at baseline.
Common side effects: includes pain, loss of appetite nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, anxiety, pruritus, depression, insomnia.
Patient should be assessed for suicidal ideation before beginning treatment.

is a competitive opioid antagonist with a high affinity for mu receptors. Oral form absorbed through the GI tract undergo up to 40% first pass metabolism. A naloxone challenge test may be done before initiating treatment and the patient is observed for an hour. If no withdrawal is observed, dosing may begin the next day at 50 mg per day for 12 weeks or less.

most commonly used recreational drug in the US.

more common among people in their late teens and early 20s.
Users report feeling an alteration in their senses and an altered sense of time as well as changes in mood.
Other names: Marijuana, blunt, Bud, Dope, Ganja, Grass, Green, Herb, joint, Mary jane, Pot, Reefer, Sinsemilla, Skunk, Smoke, trees and weeds.

contains more than 60 related psychoactive chemicals known as Cannabinoids; the most abundant of these is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

increases heart rate and may cause hallucination, it can cause problem with balance and coordination and learning ability.

___&___may be effective in the treatment of cannabis use disorder; however, no medication are currently approved or indicated for this use.

Are controlled substances legally prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain. These drugs interact with opioid receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain. In addition to reducing pain, this receptor inteaction floods the brain’s reward system with dopamine, producing a sense of euphoria and tranquility.

drug of choice in the treatment of respiratory depression associated with opioid overdose. Is a short-acting opioid antagonist that competitively attaches to opioid receptors in the CNS, thereby blocking activation by opioid drugs.

since 1950s this has been prescribed to treat person’s with OUD. When taken as prescribed and combined with couseling and behavioral therapies, administration of this long acting opioid drug is safe and effective. Methadone works by changing the way a person’s brain respond to pain; it is an opioid receptor agonist at the mu receptor and an antagonist at the N-methyl-D- aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Taken daily, it blocks the sense of euphoria and tranquility caused by opioid use and prevents opioid withdrawal craving.

When smoked, nicotine is absorbed from the lungs into the pulmonary venous circulation. It then enters the arterial circulation and moves quickly to the brain. Once across the blood brain barrier, nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins, resulting in stimulation and pleasure and a reduction in stress and anxiety. These sensations fuel the brain’s reward circuit.

-an antidepressant drug , increases level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, mimicking the effects of nicotine. It is also has some neuronal nicotinic receptor-blocking activity, reducing reinforcement from the brain’s reward circuit. When used for smoking cessation, the dosage is 150 mg ER or once daily for 3 days. Treatment should continue for 7 to 12 weeks; however, ongoing treatment for a year has shown benefit.

a partial alpha-4-beta-2 receptor agonist that stimulates dopamine activty in the brain but not to the extent of nicotine, thereby reducing craving and withdrawal. Dosing begins 1 week before an identified quit date at 0.5 mg daily for 3 days.

antitussive that can be purchase without a prescription. Using DXM is known on the street as "robotripping" or "skittling". When taken in higher-than recommended amounts, users may experience euphoria, dissociative effects, hallucination.

can result in relaxation and euphoria when taken in higher that recommended amounts; when combined with soda it is referred to as syrup, sizzurp, purple drank, Barre, or lean.

Is synthetic agent used to treat conditions caused by low levels of testosterone in the body, such as delayed puberty, hypogonadism, and cachexia related to chronic disease drugs.
This have used to enhance athletic and sexual performances and physical appearance in all age groups.