Pharma

is the process by which the body inactivates or biotransforms drugs.

Drugs can be metabolized in several organs; however, the_____ is the primary site of metabolism.

Most drugs are inactivated by_____ and are then converted or transformed by_____ to inactive metabolites or _____

a large percentage of drugs are_____

When the drug metabolism rate is decreased, excess drug accumulation can occur and lead to_____

The _____ of a drug is the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.

___&___ affect the half-life of a drug.

A drug goes through several half-lives before more than_____ of the drug is eliminated.

The main route of drug elimination is through the_____

Other routes for excretion include:

The_____ filter free unbound drugs, water- soluble drugs, and drugs that are unchanged.

The kidneys filter?

The____ eliminate volatile drug substances and products metabolized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

The lungs eliminate volatile drug substances and products metabolized to___&___

The_____ influences drug excretion

Urine pH varies from___

___urine promotes elimination of weak base drugs

___urine promotes elimination of weak acid drugs

A decrease in GFR results in an increase in _____and a decrease in___

___is a waste product that your kidneys remove from your blood.

A_____ can help uncover kidney problems at an early stage when treatment can be more effective

Common tests used to determine renal function are___&___

___is a metabolic by-product of muscle that is excreted by the kidneys.

The___ compares the level of creatinine in the urine with the level of creatinine in the blood.

Creatinine clearance varies with___&___

is the study of the way drugs affect the body.

Drug response can cause a?

An example of a drug with a primary and secondary effect is?

The primary effect of diphenhydramine is to?

the secondary effect of diphenhydramine is a?

___ is the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is administered.

___occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration.

___is the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect.

Drugs act through receptors by?

The activity of many drugs is determined by the?

Most receptors, which are___ in nature, are found in ___.

Drug-binding sites are primarily on:

There are four receptor families:

The ___ is the site on the receptor at which drugs bind.

The ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface. The drug activates the enzyme (inside the cell), and a response is initiated.

The channel spans the cell membrane and, with this type of receptor, the channel opens, allowing for the flow of ions into and out of the cells. The ions are primarily ___&___

There are three components to this receptor response: (1) the receptor, (2) the G protein that binds with guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and (3) the effector that is either an enzyme or an ion channel.

There are three components to G protein–coupled receptor systems response:

Found in the cell nucleus (not on the surface) of the cell membrane. Activation of receptors through the transcription factors is prolonged. first three receptor groups, activation of the receptors is rapid.

Drugs that produce a response are called

Drugs that block a response are called

___are located in the bladder, heart, blood vessels, stomach, bronchi, and eyes.

Drugs that affect various sites are

Drugs that affect various receptors are

Four Categories of Drug Action

the rate of cell activity or the secretion from a gland increases

cell activity and function of a specific organ are reduced

drugs such as insulin replace essential body compounds

estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic) dose (ED) in 50% of people (ED50) and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of people (LD50).

The closer the ratio is to_, the greater the danger of toxicity.

Drugs with a ___ have a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects

___of a drug concentration in plasma is the level of drug between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration (the toxic effect).

___is the highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time. Peak drug levels indicate the rate of absorption.

These indicate the rate of absorption.

If the drug is given orally, the peak time might be ___after drug administration.

If the drug is given IV, the peak time might occur in?

___is the lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated.

___are drawn immediately before the next dose of drug is given, regardless of route of administration.

When immediate drug response is desired, a large initial dose, known as the ___, of drug is given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma.

___ is the process by which the minimum effective concentration level for digoxin is achieved in the plasma within a short time.

The therapeutic goal is achieved. The drug does what is supposed to do.

Are mild but annoying response to medication. Ex nausea and drowsiness.

Are more severe symptoms or problems that arise because of the medication. Ex gastric bleeding or edema

Are strange, unique, or unpredicted reactions. Ex blood in the urine a rare case for taking aspirin.

Are reactions that are opposite of what would be expected.

Is an antigen-antibody reaction. The body develops hives, rashes, itching, or swelling of the skin. A rash or shortness of breath is occasionally seen in patients allergic to aspirin.

Is a severe form of allergic reaction that is life threatening. The patient develops severe shortness of breath, may stop breathing, or may have cardiac collapse.

When two drugs are given together, the combined effect of the drugs is equal to that of the single more active component of the mixture or to the sum of the effects of the individual drugs.

Effect takes place when one drug interferes with the action of another drug.

Takes place when one drug replaces another at the drug receptor site, increasing the effect of the first drug.

Occurs when two drugs mixed together in a syringe produce a chemical reaction, so they cannot be given.

Occurs when one drug promotes the rapid excretion of another, thus reducing its activity.

identified by monitoring the plasma (serum) therapeutic range of the drug. However, for drugs that have a wide therapeutic index, the therapeutic ranges are seldom given.

is the scientific discipline studying how the effect of a drug action varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence. Because people have different genetic makeup, they do not always respond identically to a drug dosage or planned drug therapy.

refers to a decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy.

refers to a rapid decrease in response to the drug.

is an “acute tolerance.”

Drug categories that can cause tachyphylaxis include

is a psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of a drug effect.

Determinants that affect drug therapy

Through____ the public is protected from drugs that are impure, toxic, ineffective, or not tested before public sale.

Negligence; giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the patient’s death

Omission; omitting a drug dose that results in the patient’s death

Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the patient’s death