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what does ADME mean?
Absorbtion, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
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what does AD stand for?
right ear
REMEMBER:A STANDS FOR AUDITORY
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what does AS stand for?
left ear
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what does AU stand for?
BOTH ears
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what does OD stand for?
right eye
REMEMBER:O FOR OPTOMETRIST
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what does OS stand for?
left eye
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what does OU stand for?
both eyes
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what is the abbreviation for po?
oral or by mouth
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what is gastrostomy?
feeding tube surgically implanted directly into the stomach to administer meds/feedings
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what does jejunostomy mean?
feeding tube surgically implanted directly into the sm intestine to give meds/food.
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what does parenteral mean?
all injection forms of administration
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abbreviation for subcutaneous...?
SQ or subq
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abbreviation for intramuscular..?
IM
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abbreviation for intravenous...?
IV
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IM injections absorb more quickly than subq bc increased blood supply.
BUT no more than 5ml/cc should be given in one injection
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what drugs should NOT b given by IM bc they are NOT water soluble...causing tissue damage?
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IV therapeutic effect is immediate n this route bypasses absorption step in the drug cycle
just know this!!!
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what does bolus or IV push mean?
sm amount drug given over breif period of time.
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IV infusion or IV drip
continuous meds over long period of time
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IV piggyback means?..........
2nd drug given piggybacked into the main IV line.
ex: blood
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what is a central venous line?
special cath into subcutaneous tissue of the upper chest inserted in lg superior vena cava vein
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endotracheal tube............?
placed in trachea during emergency situations and drugs are absorbed through the lungs.
ONLY SPECIFIC DRUGS CAN BE GIVEN THIS WAY!!!
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what does NAVEL stand for?
Narcan, Atropine, Valium, Epinephrine, or Lidocaine.
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what does surfactant mean.?
synthetic med given to mature lung tissue
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what is an Implantable port?
intravenous access device threaded superior vena cava administers chemo meds.
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what is the route that goes directly into a tumor?
INTRA-ARTERIAL ROUTE
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what is it called when administered meds go directly into a joint?
intra-articular
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what is the route that goes into the heart chambers but is only used as a last resort?
intrathecal
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intrathecal goes where?
meninges around the spinal cord/into the cerebrospinal cord
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intraperitoneal route.......?
- meds directly into the peritoneal cavity
- *peritoneal dialysis
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what route delivers drugs directly through the urethra?
intravesical route
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what is the best way for an IV for sick newborns and only given by the MD?
umbilical artery or vein
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KNOW......
SOME DRUGS ARE NOT ABSORBED BUT RATHER BIND WITH WATER!!
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3 steps of absorption:
- disintegrate
- dissolve
- absorb
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what disintegrate?
tablets, capsules, suppositories
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dissolve.........
once liquid, drug dissolves in surrounding body fluids
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absorb.......?
from body fluids....through capillary walls and into the blood
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absorption of topical meds.....?
happens at the site
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KNOW
THE BRAIN IS ONE AREA OF OUR BODY WHERE SOME DRUGS MAY NOT B DISTRIBUTED!!!
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metabolism......?
transforming the drug from its orginal form so the body can use it.
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what is name for the process of metabolism..?
BIOTRANSFORMATION
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what is the main organ of metabolism.......?
LIVER!!!
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first bypass effect is.....?
metabolic action of the liver
CAN'T B TAKEN ORALLY
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KNOW*
NITROGYCERIN IS GIVEN ORALLY AT A HIGHER DOSE BC 90% IS DESTROYED IN METABOLIC PHASE.
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what is a prodrug?
metabolized leaving the original drug to be used by the body
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KNOW*
DECREASE IN LIVER FUNCTION WILL AFFECT THE RATE OF DRUG METABOLISM.
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what is the principal organ of excretion?
KIDNEY
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ex's of excretion.....
lungs exhales, breast milk, tears, sweat..
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KNOW*
WATER SOLUBLE ARE EXCRETED FASTER
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______ soluble drugs are EVENTUALLY transformed faster into a water soluble.
*FAT
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therapeutically means.....?
TREAT
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KNOW*
DRUGS EFFECT CAN B ALTERED BY AN INTERACTION WITH OTHER DRUGS OR FOODS.
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what is a RECEPTOR?
speacial molecule which responds to or interacts with a specific chemical such as a drug.
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if a drug can "UNLOCK" the receptor it is known as......?
AGONIST
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some drugs (keys) don't fit/fit but don't unlock then they r called........?
antagonists or blockers
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2 main recptors in the body are_______
- adrenergic receptor
- cholinergic receptor
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adrenergic receptors.....
- neurotransmitters
- epinephrine n norepinephrine from sympathetic nervous system
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cholinergic receptors......?
acetylcholine from parasympathetic nervous system
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systemically means.....?
throughout the body
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locally means.....?
site of administration
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*KNOW
Systemic
IV, IM, subq, Oral, inhaled, rectal, topical (cream/ointment)
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*KNOW
local
inhaled, vaginal, rectal, topical (patch), intradermal (tb test)
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what is the therapeutic effect...?
is drugs main action for which it was prescribed
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therapeutic effect either:
- cures a disease
- decreases disease
- prevents a disease
- diagnosis a disease
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side effects can b:
- mild and short lived
- moderate and annoying
- severe enough the drug needs to be discontinued
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FDA must......
list drug side effects
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*NO DRUG IS ENTIRELY SAFE AND WITHOUT POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS AND RISKS
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what are severe side effects called?
adverse reactions/effects
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#s with adverse reactions
- 1.5 million hospitalization a yr.
- 4000 a day
- 770,000 develop adverse drug reaction in the hospital
*100,000 die each yr
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____ occurs when drug levels rise higher than therapeudic levels.
toxic effects
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therapeudic index
narrow margin of safety bt the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose.
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*know
treatment for toxic effects
- discontinue drug
- decrease dose given
- lengthen the time bt doses
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ototoxicity means.....
deafness
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nephrotoxicity means..........
kidney failure
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_______ reaction that occurs when our body's immune system identifies a foreign substance......
allergy
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antigen is what........?
foreign substance
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mild reaction
itching, swelling, redness, sneezing, wheezing
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severe reaction
bronchospasm, edema, shock, death
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anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock is what......?
MOST severe allergic reaction
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synergism is.......?
desirable action
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undesirable drug combination........
- alcohol and tranquilizers
- alcohol and antihistamines
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another type of undesirable action when 2 drugs combine and produce less than the intended effect....
antagonism
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roman numerals
only have dots ontop to represent the ones
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kilogram used to measure....
weight
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liter measures.......
volume
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1 kilogram=2.2 lbs
drugs usually measured in milligrams
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medication doses for weights:
pple
babies
children
elderly
cancer patients
grams or kilograms
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inches
ONLY drug measured in inches is NITROGLYCERIN OINTMENT
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milliequivalents
abr. mEq 1/1000th of an equivalent
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percentage
is part of a whole
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ratio
expresses relationship bt concentration of 2 substances together in a solution
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6 rights of drug administration
- the right patient
- right drug
- right dose
- right route
- right time
- right documentation
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hs means
at bedtime; hr of sleep
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NPO means
nothing by mouth
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QOD means
every other day
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