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What is the Upper pumctum?
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What is the plica semilunaris
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What is the palpebral fissures
Eliptical open space between eyelid margins
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What is the cnathus?
Corner of eye where lids meet
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What is the conjunctiva?
Thin mucuous membrane folded like envelope b/w eyelids and eyeball
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What is lacrimal apparatus?
Upper outer corner; secretes tears
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What is the Puncta?
Where tears drain
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What is contained in the outer layer of the eye?
Sclera and cornea
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What is contains in middle layer?
Choroid
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What is contained in inner layer?
Retina
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What part of the eye bends incoming light to focus on the inner retina?
Cornea
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What layer of the eye contains the pupil?
Middle Layer
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What is accommodation?
Adjustment of the pupil diameter to focus on an object
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What layer of the eye contains the iris?
Middle layer
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What 3 structures can be seen through an opthalmascope?
- Optic disc
- Macula
- Fovea centralis
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What part of the ocular fundus changes light waves into nerve impulses?
Retina
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Which part of the retina has the greatest visual acuity?
Fovea centralis
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Which part of the retina has the darkest pigmentation?
Macula
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What structure surrounds the fovea centralis?
Macula
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Which cranial nerve is involved in afferent pathways of visual light reflex?
Cranial Nerve II
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Which cranial nerve is involved in efferent pathways of visual light reflex?
Cranial Nerve III
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At what point in gestation doe the eyes form?
First 8 weeks
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When does central vision form (Macula)?
4-8 months
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When does the eyeball reach adult size?
Age 8
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When is visual acuity fully developed?
Age 7-8
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When is central acuity diminished?
Age 70
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When does Presbyopia begin?
Age 40
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What is Presbyopia?
Hardening of the lens
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What is arcus senilis?
due to deposition of lipid material around the cornea; appears like a gray-white are or circle; may look thickened and raised with increased lipid accumulation but vision is not affected
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What is caratacts?
Lens thickens and yellows, causing lens to look opaque
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What is glaucoma?
- Increased interocular pressure
- What is macular degeneration?
- Cells of the macula breakdown causing loss of central vision
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What is strabismus?
Crossing of the eyes
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What is diplopia?
Double vision
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What kind of vision does the snellen chart test?
Far vision
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What kind of vision does the Rosenbaum chart test?
Near vision
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What is non-icteric?
Not yellow
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What is Anisocoria?
unequal pupil size
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What is Anisocoria a sign of?
CNS disease (except 5% of population)
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What is Miosis?
constricted pupils due to narcotics, drops for glaucoma
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What is Mydriasis?
enlarged pupils due to stimulation of sympathetic NS
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What are three causes of mydriasis?
- dilating drops
- trauma
- acute glaucoma
- What is an E-chart used for?
- Children 3-6 or illiterate clients
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What are picture charts used for?
Age 2 and up
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What is pseudo-strabismus?
In infants, when it looks like eyes are crossing because bridge of nose is flattened
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What is Ptosis?
Neuromuscular weakness of ocular muscles
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What is pseudoptosis?
Drooping of lid
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What is Ectropion?
lower lid rolling out and loose, excess tearing, exposed palpebral conjunctiva increases risk of infection
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What is entropion?
Lower lid rolls in, constant rubbing can irritate cornia
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What is xanthelasma?
Soft, raised yellow plaques; occurs on lids at inner canthus; around 5th decade; more with women; can be associated with elevated lipid levels but also can be normal variant
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What is the pinna?
The outer part of the ear
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Three normal signs of the tympanic membrane?
- Pearly gray color
- Cone of light
- Oval
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What is peripheral air transmission?
Transmission and conversion of sound vibration into nerve impulses for interpretation by the brain
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Three types of hearing loss?
- Conductive
- Sensorineural
- Mixed
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When does the inner ear develop?
During the first trimester
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What differences exist in the infants eustacian tube?
Wider, shorter and more horizontal than adults
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What is otosclerosis?
Hardening that causes foot step of stapes to become fixed to oval window impeding sound transmission;
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What does otosclerosis cause?
progressive deafness
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What is presbycusis?
gradual sensory hearing loss in the aging
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What tones are lost firs in presbycusis?
Higher tones
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What is mastoid process tenderness a sign of?
mastoiditis:
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What is mastoiditis?
infection of mastoid process part of temporal bone of skull;from untreated otitis media;
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What direction do you pull the pinna of the ear in adults during an ear exam?
Up and back
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What direction do you pull the pinna in children under 3 during an ear exam?
Down
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What does the Rinne test assess?
Air vs. bone conduction
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What is conductive loss?
Mechanical dysfunction of the external or middle ear
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In conductive loss, which ear hears better in the Weber test?
The bad ear
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In sensorineuro loss, which ear hears better in the Weber test?
The good ear
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