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Anatomy
The study if the structure and shape of the body
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Gross anatomy
The study if large structures of the body
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Microscopic anatomy
The study of structures that can't be seen with the naked eye, needing a microscope
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Physiology
The study of the functions and workings of the body
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Level of structures
Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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Integumentary system consists of
Skin
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Integumentary system function
Temperature, pressure, and pain
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Skeletal system consists of
Bones, cartridges, ligaments, and joints
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Skeletal system function
Supports the body, framework for muscles, protection of organs
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Hematopoiese
The formation of blood
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Where does hematopoiese takes pl
Cavities of the bones
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Bones act as a storehouse for
Minerals
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Skeletal system consists of
Skeletal. muscles
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Muscular system function
To contract or rather shorten the muscles to move the skeleton
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Nervous system consists of
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
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Nervous system function
The command and communication center, keeping track of everything that goes on in the body and sending signals to every part of the body telling it what to
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The endocrine system consists 3
Glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes
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Endocrine system function
Secretes regulating hormones and sends them to specific parts of the body
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Cardiovascular system consists of
The heart and blood vessels
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Cardiovascular system function
It uses blood as a transport system carrying oxygen nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges are made
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Lymphatic system consists of
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
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Lymphatic system
1: lymphatic vessels return fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood; 2: lymphatic nodes and organs cleanse the blood and house immunity cells
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Respiratory system consists of
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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Respiratory system function
To keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide
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Digestive system consists
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, liver, and pancreas
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Digestive system function
To breakdown food for nutrients and to get rid of the undigested food as well as to reclaim water
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Urinary system consists of
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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Urinary system function
Removes nitrogen containing waste from the blood blood and flushes it out through urine
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Female reproductive system consists of
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
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Male reproductive system consists of
Testes scrotum, Pennsylvania, accessory glands, and a duct system
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The 8 functions humans must perform to maintain li
Maintain boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, disposal of waste, reproduce, and grow
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Maintaining boundaries means
Keeping the inside distinct from the outside
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Movement means
All activities promoted by the muscular system
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Responding to environmental changes means
The ability to sense changes in the environment and to respond to the changes
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Taking in and digesting nutrients means
The process of breaking down nutrients aka food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
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Metabolism is
The chemical reaction within cells that turns nutrients and oxygen into usable building blocks for the body
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Removal of waste
Excretion is the removal of waste, the indigestible food, nonuseful substances, and excess substances
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Reproduction
The ability to create offspring
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Survival needs
Nutrients, oxygen, water and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
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Survival nutrients, why
Contains the chemicals to produce energy
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Survival oxygen, why
The chemical reaction needed to release energy from food requires oxygen
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Survival water, why
Accounts for 60 to 80 percent body weight and provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretion
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Survival temperature why
Normal body temperature must be maintained, too low and metabolism slows down. At extreme low temperatures, metabolism will stop. Too high of a temperature and metabolism is too rapid and body proteins breakdown. Either extreme causes death
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Survival atmospheric pressure, why
Too low and the ability of the respiratory system slows down causing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to slow to support cellular metabolism
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Homeostasis is what?
The body's ability to maintain a relative stable internal balance despite the ever changing external conditions
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Homeostasis means
A dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance in which internal conditions change and vary but within relatively narrow limits
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What 2 organ systems are used to accomplish communication for homeostasis?
Nervous system and endocrine system
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How does the nervous system communicate in the body
Electrical impulses
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How does the endocrine system communicate with the body
Blood borne hormones
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What are the 3 main components of a homeostasis control mechanism
Receptors, control center, and effector
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The 1st homeostasis control mechanism is a
Receptor
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What is a homeostasis receptor
Basically a sensor that monitors changes aka stimuli in the environment
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Another name for changes in the environment
Stimuli
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How does a receptor responds to stimuli
By sending the information along the afferent pathway to the 2nd homeostasis control mechanism, the control center
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Afferent pathway
The one way pathway that the receptors use to send information to the control center
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What is the 2nd homeostasis control mechanism
Control center
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What does the homeostasis control center do?
Receives the information from the receptors, analyze it, and sends the appropriate response to the 3rd homeostasis control mechanism, the effector
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What does the control center uses to send information to the effector
One way pathway called the efferent pathway
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What is the efferent pathway
A one way pathway from the control center to the effectors
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What is the 3rd homeostasis control mechanism
Effector
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What are the 2 types homeostasis control mechanisms sent out by the control center to respond to the stimuli
Negative feedback and positive feedback
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Which homeostasis control mechanism is more common
Negative feedback
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How does negative feedback work
The body will either shut down the stimulus or reduces the stimulus intensity
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Give an example of negative feedback
The part of the hypothalamus acts like a heating system thermostat. Gets too cold, the thermostat turns on the heat, once it heats back up, the thermostat cuts off
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How does positive feedback work
It increases the intensity of the stimulus
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Give an example of positive feedback
Blood clotting
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Most diseases can be considered the results of
Homeostasis imbalance
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Anatomical position
Standing up, legs slightly apart, arms down, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body
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Superior
Towards the head end of the body, upper part of a structure or body, above
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Another name for superior
Cranial or cephaled
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Inferior
Away from the head end of the body, towards the lower part of a structure or body, below
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Another name for inferior
Caudal,, literally means towards the tail
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Ventral
Towards or front of the body, in front of
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Another name for ventral
Anterior
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Dorsal
Towards or at the backside of the, behind
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Another name for dorsal
Posterior
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Medial
Towards or at midline of the body, on the inner side of
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Lateral
Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of
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Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
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Distal
Farther away from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
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Superficial
Towards or at the body's surface
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Another name for superficial
External
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Deep
Away from the body's surface, more internal
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Another name for deep
Internal
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Supine
Facing up in a laying position, laying on the back
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Prone
Facing down in a laying position, laying on the stomach
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Abdominal
Anterior body trunk, inferior to the ribs
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Acromial
Point of shoulder
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Antecubital
Anterior surface of the elbow
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Deltoid
Curve of the shoulder formed by the large deltoid muscle, anterior side
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Fibular
Lateral part of the leg
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Inguinal
Area where thigh meets trunk, groin
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Pelvic
Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
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Lumbar
Area of back between ribs and hips, the loin
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Occipital
Posterior surface of head or base of skull
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Olecranal
Posterior surface of elbow
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Popliteal
Posterior knee area
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Sacral
Area between the hips
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Scapular
Shoulder blade area
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Sural
Posterior surface of the leg,the calf
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Sagittal section
Divides the body between left and right
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Median section
Equal left and right sections
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Another term for median section
Midsagittal
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Frontal section
Cuts the body into front and back
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Another term for frontal section
Coronal section
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Transverse section
Horizontal cut dividing the body into top and bottom
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Another term for transverse section
Cross section
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What are the major 2 sets of body cavities
Dorsal and ventral
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How many subsections does the dorsal cavity have and what are they
2, cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
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Where is the cranial cavity located and what does it protect
The space inside the boney skull and protects the brain
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Where is the spinal cavity located and what does it protect
The spinal cavity runs from the cranial cavity to nearly the end of the vertebrae column. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column which in turn is protected by the spinal cavity
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How many subsections does the ventral cavity have and what are they
3, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
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What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
The diaphragm
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What separates left and right lung in the thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
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What 2 systems are used to divide the abdominopelvic cavity
Quadrants and 9 regions
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Umbilical region
The center region surrounding the naval, imbilicus
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Epigastric region
Top center right above the umbilical region
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Hypogastric region
Bottom center region right below the umbilical region
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Another term for hypogastric region
Pubic region
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Right and left iliac region
The 2 regions flanking the hypogastric region
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Another term for right and left iliac regions
Right and left inguinal regions
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Right and left lumbar regions
The 2 regions flanking the umbilical region
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Right and left hypochondriac regions
The regions flanking the epigastric region
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What are the 4 quadrants of the quadrant system
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ
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