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- Passio di Corvo, Foggia, Italy. 5,000- 3,400 BCE
- Aerial photography was done by British Airman John Bradford during World War II. The main target was actually the railroad.
- Two palisade walls to keep livestock in, rather than for defense.
- A cluster of buildings. Houses, storehouses for food storage.
- Mud thatch, waddle-and-daub houses.
- Stone tools, single-handled cups.
- Some mixture of Transhumance migrations for pastoralism and agriculture.
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- Hut Urn. Osteria dell Osa, 850-800 BCE.
- Grave good for males of high rank. Heads of households.
- Wattle and Daub. Post holes let us know about the thatch roof and foundations in the bedrock.
- Decoration on the side could have been on real huts.
- Politically independent village systems, Pacciarelli. Proto-urban villages begin to come closer together and form stronger bonds in more permanent settlements.
- Urnfield Culture-Spread throughout Italy and Europe. Iaia and Pacciarelli.
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- Urn with breasts/Urn with bowl top. Osteria dell Osa. 850-800 BCE
- Urn with breasts was buried in a female grave. Originally, the urns with upturned bowls were also thought to be buried with women, as a symbol of their role in the house. Since the bowl lids are found in both men's and women's graves, it is thought to be a low-status symbol. Gives us an image of gender roles and social structure during a time when not many grave goods were buried with the deceased. (Riva)
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- Weaver sets. Osteria dell'Osa. 850-800 BCE.
- Found in female graves.
- Spindle distaffs hold the cloth/fabric/wool
- Spindle whorls are small weights added to the bottom of spools to help keep the speed of the rotation.
- Shows the place of women in the society.
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- Male grave, Hut urn in dolium. Osteria dell'osa. 850-800 BCE.
- Type A male burial, consists of a hut urn and Globular jars.
- The dolium and the globular jars were used in everyday life for storage and water respectively. The fact they were buried shows that the Etruscans had some view of the afterlife as a continuation of life on earth.
- Or
- They were used in some form of ritual funeral banquet and buried after.
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- San Giovenale. Proto-urban settlement. Late Villanovan. 750-700 BCE.
- Defensible site on a hill. A cluster of huts with post holes dug in the bedrock. Areas for keeping livestock. Large storehouses for food.
- Large houses for extended families or proto-civic houses.
- Pacciarelli. Small villages like these were very temporary before we saw a deliberate move to proto-urban centers like Tarchna and Veii. These centers were not ruled by the simple chiefs of villages but Paramount chiefs who ruled the proto-urban center, and surrounding areas.
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- Horse bits, Grosetto Musuem, 800-700 BCE.
- Development of social classes. Evidence for horses found in tombs. These horses were expensive to care for and maintain.
- Chariots were most likely not used for combat but for ritual/ceremonial purposes.
- Global aristocratic elite that were incredibly wealthy to bury these expensive items.
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- Via Laurentina. 750-730 BCE.
- Very large tombs of an elite class. Iron rims and axle caps for chariot wheels.
- Long distance trade, global aristocratic elite class.
- Something drew the Greeks and Phoenicians to the Etruscans that would make them want to trade. Possibly the bronze work.
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- Castel di Decima. Tomb 359. Tomb of the so-called princess. 730 BCE.
- Tomba a fossa.
- Oaktree sarcophagus. various expensive trade goods.
- ceramic vessels from Tarquinia.
- Amber beads from the Baltics. (Elite rich trading class).
- Bronze rings with amber beads attached.
- Some burial garments with amber beads.
- Items for a banquet.
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- Chiusi, Poggio Renzo Necropolis. 8th Century BCE.
- Two embracing figures. Emotion in art. Sadness for a felt loss. Humanizing.
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- Askos with horse and rider.
- Late 8th, Early 7th Century BCE.
- Benacci tomb. Bologna.
- Symposium pouring ware.
- Man riding a horse, that is riding a horned something.
- Could be used to pour for a ritual banquet. Dinning pottery included in a lot of tombs.
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- Sword and hilt with figures. Vulci. 750-700 BCE.
- Man with a penis, a woman with breasts.
- Both are the same height, trying to say something about equality?
- Two war deities, like Athena and Ares?
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- Wheeled Incense Burner/cult wagon. Bisenzio, 750-700 BCE.
- A lot of figures, men and women. Men with shields and women with water jugs. Animals, both domesticated and wild.
- Sybil Haynes- Values of socially dominant class here expressed in concentrated form.
- A similar cult wagon was found in Austria. World wide aristocratic class.
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- Two handled urn of sheet bronze with bronze figures. Bisenzio. 750-700 BCE.
- Chained up creature. Mythological? Ritualistic hunt for funerals?
- A person with a bull or some draft animal?
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- San Francesco Hoard. 700 BCE. Bologna.
- Cast-offs from a bronze workshop. Artisan class mass producing quality controlled items. Cast-offs for remelting, and recycling. Part of the Proto-urban revolution. Pacciarelli.
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