Where in the brain is the vomiting center located?
C.
Antiemetic agents, such as domperidone and haloperidol, are antagonists for which
receptors?
A.
What type of vomiting is caused by the direct stimulation of the vomiting center by
neurologic lesions involving the brainstem?
B.
Of the available options, only projectile vomiting is caused by the direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions, such as increased intracranial pressure, tumors, or aneurysms involving the brainstem.
Considering the normal frequency of bowel evacuation, how infrequently can evacuation
occur and still be considered within normal range?
B.
How many stools per day are considered the upper limits of normal?
A.
The adult intestine processes approximately how many liters of luminal content per day?
B.
A person who has cholera would be expected to have which type of diarrhea?
D.
Primary causes of secretory diarrhea are bacterial enterotoxins, particularly those released by cholera or strains of Escherichia coli, and neoplasms, such as gastrinoma or thyroid carcinoma
What type of diarrhea is a result of lactase deficiency?
C.
Malabsorption related to lactase deficiency, pancreatic enzyme or bile salt deficiency, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, and celiac disease cause osmotic diarrhea
Which statement is false concerning how abdominal pain is produced?
a. Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, produce
abdominal pain.
b. Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching.
c. Ischemia, caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel
thrombosis, produces abdominal pain.
d. Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli,
Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain.
D
How can abdominal pain that is visceral in nature best be described?
a. Abdominal pain that is visceral in nature is diffused, vague, poorly localized, and
dull.
b. It travels from a specific organ to the spinal cord.
c. The pain lateralizes from only one side of the nervous system.
d. Abdominal pain is associated with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract.
A
What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
D.
What term is used to identify frank bleeding of the rectum?
D.
What is the cause of functional dysphagia?
C.
What is the cause of reflux esophagitis?
A.
By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?
a. Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine, usually
causing strangulation of the blood supply
b. Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle, causing occlusion of the blood
supply
c. Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic ileus
d. Forming fibrin and scar tissue that attach to the intestinal omentum, causing
obstruction
a.
What is the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction?
B.
An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic
alkalosis by causing which outcome?
C.
What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?
C.
What is a cause of chronic antral gastritis?
B.
Chronic antral gastritis generally involves only the antrum and is more common than
fundal gastritis
What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
D.
A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:
A.
Which statement is false regarding the contributing factors of duodenal ulcers?
C.
Duodenal ulcers can be associated with altered mucosal defenses, rapid gastric emptying, elevated serum gastrin levels, or acid production stimulated by smoking
After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the results of which mechanism?
a. Anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators, such as histamine,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, relax vascular smooth muscles, causing shock
b. Postoperative hemorrhage during which a large volume of blood is lost, causing
hypotension with compensatory tachycardia
c. Concentrated bolus that moves from the stomach into the small intestine, causing
hyperglycemia and resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock
d. Rapid gastric emptying and the creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine, causing a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen
D
What stimulates the desire to eat?
C.
Specific neurons produce neuropeptide Y (NPY) and AgRP, which stimulates eating
Which structure regulates eating behavior and energy metabolism?
A.
The arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the hypothalamus has two sets of neurons with opposing effects that interact to regulate and balance food intake and energy metabolism
The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding?
A.
The vomiting of blood from bleeding esophageal varices is the most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension
What is the most common manifestation of portal hypertension–induced splenomegaly?
A.
Which statement is false concerning the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
A.
Which statement is false regarding the sources of increased ammonia that contribute to
hepatic encephalopathy?
C.
Which statement is false concerning the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis?
D.
Which statement is false regarding the pathophysiologic process of acute pancreatitis?
a. Bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction blocks the outflow of pancreatic digestive
enzymes.
b. Acute pancreatitis can also result from direct cellular injury from drugs or viral
infection.
c. Acute pancreatitis is an autoimmune disease in which immunoglobulin G (IgG) coats the pancreatic acinar cells; consequently, the pancreatic enzymes destroy the cells.
d. Acute pancreatitis is usually mild and spontaneously resolves.
C.
The mutation of which gene is an early event associated with the pathogenetic origin of
esophageal cancer?
D.
Which statements is FALSE regarding parietal pain? (Select all that apply.)
B.
Parietal pain arises from the parietal peritoneum and is more localized and intense than
visceral pain. Nerve fibers from the parietal peritoneum travel with peripheral nerves to
the spinal cord, and the sensation of pain corresponds to skin dermatomes T6 and L1
Which statements is FALSE regarding chronic gastritis?
C.
Which hormone is NOT a natural appetite suppressant?
B.
Insulin, calcitonin, and serotonin are natural appetite suppressants, whereas cortisol is a natural appetite stimulant
Which one is NOT an early clinical manifestations of hepatitis?
C.
Which clinical manifestations are NOT consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon?
E.
Alterations in immunoglobulin G (IgA) production have been found in individuals with this disorder.
C.
Inflammation develops in crypts of Lieberkühn in the large intestine.
D.
_________ stimulates the vomiting center and appears to be released from enterochromaffin cells in the intestinal wall, which activate vagal afferents leading to the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)
Serotonin
Rolling or jarring of the abdomen produces a sloshing sound called the succussion splash.
pyloric obstruction
the pain of ______ ulcers also occurs immediately after eating
gastric
Fibrosis is a consequence of ______ cell (liver macrophages) in cirrhosis
