How does progressive nephrons injury affect angiotensin II activity?
C.
Which mineral accounts for the most common type of renal stone?
C.
Calcium stones (calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate) account for 70% to 80% of all
stones requiring treatment.
Regarding the formation of renal calculi, what function does pyrophosphate, potassium
citrate, and magnesium perform?
a. They inhibit crystal growth.
b. Pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium stimulate the supersaturation of
salt.
c. They facilitate the precipitation of salts from a liquid to a solid state.
d. Pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium enhance crystallization of salt
crystals to form stones.
A.
Hypercalciuria is primarily attributable to which alteration?
A.
Detrusor hyperreflexia develops from neurologic disorders that originate where?
C.
Neurologic disorders that develop above the pontine micturition center result in detrusor
hyperreflexia, also known as an uninhibited or reflex bladder
Considering the innervation of the circular muscles of the bladder neck, which classification of drug is used to treat bladder neck obstruction?
A.
Because the bladder neck consists of circular smooth muscle with adrenergic innervation, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia may be managed by alpha-adrenergic blocking (antimuscarinic) medications
Renal cell carcinoma, classified as clear cell tumors, arises from epithelial cells in which
structure?
C.
Bladder cancer is associated with the gene mutation of which gene?
B.
Oncogenes of the ras gene family and tumor-suppressor genes including TP53 mutations
and the inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene (pRb) are implicated in bladder cancer.
This process is not associated with the other options
What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections?
A.
Which differentiating sign is required to make the diagnosis of pyelonephritis from that of
cystitis?
D.
Considering host defense mechanisms, which element in the urine is bacteriostatic?
D.
Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an
85-year-old individual?
B.
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
A.
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas.
Which abnormal laboratory value is found in glomerular disorders?
D.
Which glomerular lesion is characterized by thickening of the glomerular capillary wall
with immune deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C3?
A.
Goodpasture syndrome is an example of which of the following?
A.
Antiglomerular basement membrane disease (Goodpasture syndrome) is associated with
immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody formation against pulmonary capillary and glomerular
basement membranes.
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria
exceeding 3 to 5 g/day, with albumin as the major protein. These data suggest the presence
of which disorder?
C.
Hypothyroidism, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria characterize which kidney
disorder?
B.
Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria, vitamin D deficiency, and hypothyroidism.
Which antibiotics are considered “major culprits” in causing nephrotoxic acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
D.
Although numerous antibiotics can produce nephrotoxic ATN, the aminoglycosides
(gentamicin, tobramycin) are the major culprits.
Which urine characteristics are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by
intrinsic (intrarenal) failure?
B.
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal
failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more
dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into
the cell.
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the
cell in exchange for hydrogen.
B.
Creatinine is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released
from what type of tissue?
B.
Which statement is false concerning the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure
when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines to 25% of normal?
D.
Bone and skeletal changes develop with alterations in calcium and phosphate metabolism. These changes begin when the GFR decreases to 25% or less. The combined effect of hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency can result in renal osteodystrophies (e.g., osteomalacia, osteitis fibrosa with increased risk for fractures).
Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with which element?
D.
When the right kidney is obstructed, how will the glomeruli and tubules in the left kidney
compensate?
B.
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria? (Select
all that apply.)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
D, E
Which statement is false concerning struvite stones?
A.
Which statements is false regarding renal colic?
D.
Which conditions related to the bladder would result from the effects of lesions of the
sacral segments below S1? (Select all that apply.)
a. Frequency
b. Urge incontinence
c. Bladder distension
d. Urgency
e. Urinary retention
C, E
What is NOT considered risk factor for developing bladder and kidney cancers?
D.
Which renal disorder is NOT considered a cause of intrarenal renal failure?
C.
Intrarenal (intrinsic) acute kidney injury (AKI) may result from ischemic ATN,
nephrotoxic ATN, acute glomerulonephritis, vascular disease, allograft rejection, or
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from all conditions except for which?
A.
Movement of organisms from the urethra into the bladder with infection and retrograde
spread to the kidney
E.
Dilation and relaxation of the ureter with hydroureter and hydronephrosis
A.
Impairment to the bladder, interfering with normal bladder contraction and causing
residual urine and ascending infection
C.
Obstruction and stasis of urine, contributing to bacteremia and hydronephrosis; irritation
of epithelial lining with entrapment of bacteria
A.
Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition, contributing to
bacterial infection
B.
enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces
hydronephrosis
Urinalysis (including pH) is obtained and a 24-hour urine is completed to identify Urinalysis (including pH) is obtained and a 24-hour urine is completed to identify _______ _______.
calcium oxalate
Acute ______ is an inflammation of the bladder and the most common site of UTI
cystitis
Acute _______________ is an inflammation of the glomerulus caused by primary glomerular injury, including immunologic responses, ischemia, free radicals, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, and infection
glomerulonephritis
________ syndrome is associated with red blood cells escaping through the glomerular membrane producing a smoky, brown-tinged urine and an accompanying proteinuria
Nephritic
Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed when the protein level in a 24-hour urine collection is greater than ___ g.
3.5
This type of AKI can occur after diagnostic catheterization of the ureters, a procedure that may cause edema with obstruction of the tubular lumen.
post-renal
intra-renal AKI is cause by
ischemic ATN
pre-renal AKI is caused by
hypoperfusion
Chronic kidney disease is the preferred terminology and is referenced to declining ___.
GFR
___________ promotes glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration caused by efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and also promotes systemic hypertension
