Chapter 1- Part A_ The Human Body

Anatomical terminology allows healthcare professionals to communicate accurately.

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

It is the study of the function of body parts and how they work together.

It is the study of large visible structures.

Regional anatomy looks at all the structures in a particular area of the body.

(Regional=All)

Looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc)

(System=Single)

• Looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin.
• (visible muscle masses or veins seen on the surface)

• Deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
• (Micro=Small)

• It is the microscopic study of cells.
• (Cytology-Cells)

It is the microscopic study of tissues.

Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life.

Is the study of developments before birth.

• -Organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
• -cellular and molecular levels of the body 
• -chemical reactions within cells

• -function always reflects the structure 
• -What structure can do depends on its specific form- Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function.

-Human body is highly organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.

Atoms⇾Molecules⇾Macromolecules⇾Organelles⇾Cells⇾Tissues⇾Organs⇾Organ systems⇾Organism (body)

single cell

groups of similar cells.

contains two or more types of tissues.

Organs that work closely together.

All organ systems combined to make the whole organism.

• -Maintaining boundaries
• -Movement
• -Responsiveness
• -Digestion
• -Metabolism
• -Excretion
• -Reproduction
• -Growth

• -separation between internal and external environments must exist
• -plasma membranes separate cells
• -skin separates organism from environment

• -Muscular system allows movement of body parts via skeletal muscles 
• -movement of substances via cardiac muscle(Blood) and smooth muscle (digestion and urniation)

• -Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
• -withdraw reflex prevents injury
• -breathing rate changes in response to different activities

Breakdown of ingested food followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood.

• -sum of all chemical reactions that occur in cells
• -catabolism (breakdown of molecules - such as proteins to amino acids) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules- such as amino acids to proteins)

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion- such as nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, fecal matters, etc.

• -At the cellular level, it involves division of cells for growth or repair
• -At the organismal level, it involves production of offspring.

• -increase in size of a body part or of organism
• -Humans are multicellular, to function, individual cells must be kept alive
• -organ systems are designed to support the cells
• -organ systems work together to maintain life