What pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket that entraps particles
moving toward the oropharynx?
B.
Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?
B.
When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear
decreased or absent breath sounds?
A.
The right main bronchus extends from the trachea more vertically than the left main bronchus; therefore aspirated fluids or foreign particles tend to enter the right lung rather than the left
Aspiration is most likely to occur in the right mainstem bronchus because it:
A.
The right mainstem bronchus extends from the trachea more vertically than the left
mainstem bronchus; therefore aspirated fluids or foreign particles tend to enter the right lung rather than the left. The size of both mainstems is equal
Air passage among alveoli is collateral and evenly distributed because of the function of
which structures?
A.
Tiny passages called pores of Kohn permit some air to pass through the septa from alveolus to alveolus, promoting collateral ventilation and even distribution of air among
the alveoli
Which structure is not associated with any lymphatic vessels?
B.
Which describes the pressure in the pleural space?
B.
Pressure in the pleural space is usually negative or subatmospheric (−4 to −10 mm Hg).
The adequacy of a person’s alveolar ventilation is assessed best by monitoring which
mechanism?
A.
Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system?
A.
Normal alterations include (1) loss of elastic recoil, (2) stiffening of the chest wall, (3) alterations in gas exchange, and (4) increases in flow resistance
How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported?
D.
Stretch receptors and peripheral chemoreceptors send afferent impulses regarding ventilation to which location in the brain?
C.
AFFERENT
PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS TO THE BRAINSTEM
Which substances cause airway epithelium to constrict?
B.
Constriction occurs if the irritant receptors in the airway epithelium are stimulated by irritants in inspired air, by endogenous substances (e.g., histamine, serotonin,
prostaglandins), by many drugs, and by humoral substances
If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation
curve to react in which manner?
D.
A shift to the right depicts hemoglobin’s decreased affinity for O2 or an increase in the ease with which oxyhemoglobin dissociates and O2 moves into the cells.
How is most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood transported?
A.
The sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are referred to as which group?
D.
An increase in surface tension caused by decreased surfactant production results in which
alteration?
B.
Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?
C.
A decrease in compliance indicates that the lungs or chest wall is abnormally stiff or difficult to inflate.
Hypoventilation that results in the retention of carbon dioxide will stimulate which
receptors in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state?
A.
What is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?
B.
Where does the tracheal bifurcation occur?
B.
How low must the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) drop before the peripheral
chemoreceptors influence ventilation?
A.
Which receptors are located in the smooth muscles of airways?
A.
Which receptors are located in the aortic bodies, aortic arch, and carotid bodies?
C.
Only the peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic bodies, aortic arch, and carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the carotids, near the baroreceptors.
What is the purpose of the spirometry measurement?
A.
What is the purpose of the alveolar-arterial gradient measurement?
D.
What is the purpose of the diffusing capacity measurement?
C.
Which structures belong to the upper conduction airway? (Select all that apply.)
a. Oropharynx
b. Larynx
c. Nasopharynx
d. Trachea
e. Bronchi
a, c
Regarding the respiratory process referred to as remodeling, which statement is false?
C.
What is not an effect of aging on the pulmonary system?
A.
Initiates rapid, shallow breathing
C.
Monitors pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and partial pressure of oxygen
(PaO2) in arterial blood
B.
Initiates cough reflex
A.
Senses pH of cerebrospinal fluid
E.
Hering-Breuer expiratory reflex
D.
Stretch receptors decrease ventilatory rate and volume when stimulated, an occurrence
sometimes referred to as the Hering-Breuer expiratory reflex.
The right and left main bronchi enter the lungs at the ____, or “roots” of the lungs, along with the pulmonary blood and lymphatic vessels
hila
clusters of alveoli are sometimes called the ______
acinus
Chronic alveolar ______ can result in inflammation and structural remodeling in pulmonary arterioles, causing permanent pulmonary artery hypertension that eventually leads to right heart failure
hypoxia
The basic automatic rhythm of respiration is set by the ____, a cluster of inspiratory nerve cells located in the medulla that sends efferent impulses to the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles
VRG (ventral respiratory group)
Airway __________ is determined by the length, radius, and cross-sectional area of the airways and by the density, viscosity, and velocity of the gas (Poiseuille's law)
resistance
The shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve caused by changes in CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration in the blood is called the _____ effect
