Cancers arising from connective tissue usually have the suffix -sarcoma.
Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?
B.
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
C.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous cell origin. These early stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have
not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue
Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new
muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
C.
Anaplasia is defined as the loss of cellular differentiation, irregularities of the size and
shape of the nucleus, and the loss of normal tissue structure
What are tumor cell markers?
C.
The function of the tumor cell marker is to:
C.
Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and
the first stage in the development of colon cancer?
a. Cancer cells accumulate slower than noncancer cells.
b. An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of
cancer.
c. Tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract.
d. Apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli, including excessive growth.
B.
Multiple genetic mutations are required for the evolution of full-blown cancer.
Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to:
B.
Apoptosis is a(an):
B.
Many cancers create a mutation of ras. ras is a(an):
B.
Up to one-third of all cancers have an activating mutation in the gene for an intracellular signaling protein called ras.
Oncogenes are genes that are capable of:
a. Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of
tissue proliferation
b. Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary
replacement of tissue
c. Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt
the replacement of tissue
d. Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph
nodes for metastasis
a.
Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a
piece of chromosome 14. This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to
oncogenes?
D.
Chromosome translocations, in which a piece of one chromosome is translocated to
another chromosome, can activate oncogenes.
In childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of
normal gene to oncogene?
D.
What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?
A.
Two “hits” are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes because:
a. Each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each
gene, one from each parent.
b. The first hit stops tissue growth, and the second hit is needed to cause abnormal
tissue growth.
c. Tumor-suppressor genes are larger than proto-oncogenes, requiring two hits to
effect carcinogenesis.
d. The first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause a mutation.
a.
The ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by:
a. Designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of
another chromosome
b. Duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies
c. Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
d. Promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes
C.
A point mutation is the alteration of one or a few nucleotide base pairs.
How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?
B.
What are characteristics of benign tumors?
D.
What is the skin-related health risk induced by some types of chemotherapy?
D.
Which cancers are all associated with chronic inflammation?
A.
Some organs appear to be more susceptible to the oncogenic effects of chronic
inflammation; for example, the GI tract, prostate, thyroid gland, pancreas, urinary bladder,
pleura, and skin.
Chronic inflammation causes cancer by:
a. Increasing vasodilation and permeability that alter cellular response to DNA
damage
b. Liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged that initiates mutations
c. Releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
d. Increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers
c
Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?
D.
What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of
mutation?
D.
The most common mutations conferring resistance to apoptosis occur in the TP53 gene
Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and
radiation therapy?
B.
What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth
factor (bFGF) in cell metastasis?
D.
It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding?
C.
It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 1. What is the meaning of this finding?
D.
It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 3. What is the meaning of this finding?
A.
It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 4. What is the meaning of this finding?
A.
Which statement is true regarding pain and cancer?
D.
Which cancer may be treated with radiation delivered by brachytherapy?
A.
Radiation sources, such as small 125I-labeled capsules (also called seeds), can also be
temporarily placed into body cavities, a delivery method termed brachytherapy.
Brachytherapy is useful in the treatment of (select all that apply)
a. cervical
b. prostate
c. head and neck
d. lung
e. colon
a, b, c
The survival rate for stage IV Hodgkin disease can be as high as:
D.
Survival rates for Hodgkin disease is 99% for stage I and 70% for stage IV
What is the cause of anemia in a patient diagnosed with pancreatic cancer?
D.
Iron is malabsorbed in individuals with gastric, pancreatic, or upper intestinal cancer.
By what process do cancer cells multiply in the absence of external growth signals?
B.
What is the role of caretaker genes?
A.
In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a:
C.
Which statement is true regarding pleomorphic cells?
B.
What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
A.
The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which
location?
D.
Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
A.
A benign tumor is well-differentiated with its tissue appearing similar to the tissue from which it arose
Normally, which cells are considered immortal (never die)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Germ
b. Stem
c. Blood
d. Epithelial
e. Muscle
a, b
What is the most common route for distant metastasis? (Select all that apply.)
a. Seeding
b. Blood
c. Lymphatic vessels
d. Invasion
e. Proliferation
b, c
What is NOT a cellular characteristic affected by anaplasia?
E.
Which is not a common causes of nosocomial infections among patients with cancer?
A.
Which statement concerning aging and the occurrence of cancer is false?
C.
Is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures
radiation
Takes advantage of specific vulnerabilities in specific cancer cells
chemotherapy
anaplasia
the loss of cellular differentiation
pleomorphic
marked variability of size and shape
ability to spread far beyond the tissue of origin, a process known as ________.