CH.10

What is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide?
A. Starvation 
B. Cardiovascular disease
C. Traumatic injury
D. Infectious disease

What is the first stage in the infectious process?
A. Multiplication
B. Colonization
C. Spread
D. Invasion

Which type of microorganism reproduces on the skin?
A. Bacteria and fungi
B. Mycoplasma
C. Protozoa and Rickettsiae
D. Viruses 

Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which
microorganisms?
A. Bacteria 
B. Viruses
C. Yeasts
D. Fungi

Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do natural killer
(NK) cells actively attack?
A. Fungi
B. Viruses
C. Bacteria
D. Mycoplasma

Which statement concerning exotoxins is true?
A. Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
B. Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades.
C. Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.
D. Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria.

phagocytes

Which statement is true concerning a fungal infection?
A. Vaccines prevent fungal infections.
B. Fungal infections release endotoxins.
C. Fungal infections occur only on skin, hair, and nails.
D. Phagocytes and T lymphocytes control fungal infections.

Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical
mediator?
A. Prostaglandin
B. Leukotriene 
C. Histamine
D. Bradykinin

Which statement about vaccines is true?
A. Vaccines provide effective protection against most infections.
B. Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
C. Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
D. Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.

Vaccines against viruses are created from:
A. Recombinant pathogenic protein
B. Killed organisms or extracts of antigens
C. Purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified
D. Live organisms weakened to produce antigens

Attentuated

Which statement is a characteristic of HIV?
A. HIV only infects T-helper (Th) cells.
B. HIV is a retrovirus.
C. HIV has five identified strains.
D. HIV carries genetic information in its DNA.

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
A. It is needed to produce integrase.
B. It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus.
C. It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.
D. Reverse transcriptase converts single-stranded DNA into double-stranded DNA.

After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for how many
months?
A. 6 to 14
B. 24 to 36
C. 18 to 20
D. 1 to 2 

Which cells are primary targets for HIV?
A. CD4+ Th cells only
B. CD8-positive cytotoxic T (Tc) cells and plasma cells
C. CD4+ Th cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells
D. CD8-positive Tc cells only

What area in the body may act as a reservoir in which HIV can be relatively protected
from antiviral drugs?
A. Bone marrow
B. Lungs
C. Thymus gland
D. Central nervous system 

HIV antibodies appear within how many weeks after infection through blood products?
A. 4 to 7
B. 1 to 2 
C. 10 to 12
D. 20 to 24

What is the final stage of the infectious process?
A. Invasion
B. Colonization 
C. Spread
D. Multiplication

Toxigenicity is defined as the:
A. Ability of an agent to produce disease
B. Ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host
C. Potency of a pathogen measured in terms of the number of microorganisms required to kill the host
D. Pathogen’s ability to produce disease by the production of a soluble toxin

The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host is referred to as:
A. Virulence
B. Pathogenicity
C. Toxigenicity
D. Infectivity 

Some bacterial surface proteins bind with the crystalline fragment (Fc) portion of an
antibody to:
A. Produce a protective “self” protein
B. Make staining possible for microscopic observation
C. Hide in cells to avoid triggering an immune response
D. Form self-protecting toxins

Which disease is an example of a rickettsial infection?
a. Cholera 
b. Candida
c. Sleeping sickness
d. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Which infection is NOT fungal? (Select all that apply.)
A. Candida
B. Ringworm
C. Cholera
D. Athlete’s foot
E. Aspergillus

Which statement is false regarding the development of HIV symptoms? 
A.  Secondary lymphoid organs experience damage and resulting malfunction
B. Untreated infected individuals may remain asymptomatic for up to10 years.
C. Symptoms generally appear in the clinical latency stage.
D. T cells levels, particularly those of memory T cells, progressively decrease.

Which statements are FALSE regarding endotoxins? 
A. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides.
B. Endotoxins are created during the process of lysis.
C. Endotoxins are found in gram-negative microorganisms.
D. Endotoxins are located in the walls of bacteria.

Which statement is false regarding viruses?
A. Viruses penetrate plasma membranes via endocytosis.
B. Viruses are capable of uncoating cytoplasmic nucleocapsid.
C. Viruses are very complex microorganisms.
D. Viruses are capable of producing messenger RNA (mRNA).

Which of the following DO NOT play a role in the control of fungal infections? 
A. Cytokines
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils
D. Natural killer cells

Complications of AIDS do NOT include:
A. Helicobacter pylori
B. Kaposi sarcoma
C. Herpes simplex infection
D. Cytomegalovirus retinitis

What is the role of integrase in HIV infection?
A. It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.
B.  Integrase converts single-stranded DNA into double-stranded DNA.
C. It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus.
D.  it inserts viral DNA into the infected cell's DNA, where it may remain dormant