Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host.
A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called:
B.
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which
class of immunoglobulins?
D.
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells
Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?
D.
Blood transfusion reactions are an example of:
A.
Only alloimmunity (also termed isoimmunity) occurs when the immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against tissues of another individual.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
B.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
B.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a
result of which receptor action?
B.
What characteristic do atopic individuals have that make them genetically predisposed to
develop allergies?
B.
Atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE and to have more crystalline fragment (Fc) receptors for IgE on their mast cells.
What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface.
D.
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding to tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed by antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
When mismatched blood is administered causing an ABO incompatibility, the erythrocytes
are destroyed by:
B.
When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, the blood cells are destroyed by:
D.
When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue damage is a result of:
C.
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
B.
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of cytotoxic cells that are not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell is recognized by Fc receptors on the NK cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the target cell.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction?
A.
The antibody reacts with the receptors on the target cell surface and modulates the
function of the receptor by preventing interactions with their normal ligands, replacing the ligand and inappropriately stimulating the receptor or destroying the receptor.
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following?
a. Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by the discharge of preformed mediators
b. Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the
immune complexes being deposited in the tissues
c. Tc cells or lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and destroying
cellular targets
d. Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface
B.
Antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that are formed in the circulation and then deposited later in vessel walls or extravascular tissues cause most type III hypersensitivity diseases
A type IV hypersensitivity reaction causes which result?
a. Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by the discharge of preformed mediators
b. Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the
immune complexes being deposited in the tissues
c. Lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets
d. Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface
C.
Types I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antibody, type IV reactions are mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve antibody. Type IV mechanisms occur through either Tc cells or lymphokine-producing Th1 cells
In a type III hypersensitivity reaction, the harmful effects after the immune complexes that
are deposited in tissues are a result of:
C.
Complement activation, particularly through the generation of chemotactic factors for neutrophils, causes the harmful effects of immune complex deposition.
Raynaud phenomenon is classified as a type III hypersensitivity reaction and is due to:
a. Immune complexes that are deposited in capillary beds, blocking circulation
b. Mast cells that are bound to specific endothelial receptors, causing them to
degranulate and creating a localized inflammatory reaction that occludes capillary
circulation
c. Cytotoxic T cells that attack and destroy the capillaries so that they are unable to
perfuse local tissues
d. Antibodies that detect the capillaries as foreign protein and destroy them using
lysosomal enzymes and toxic oxygen species
A.
Raynaud phenomenon is a condition caused by the temperature-dependent deposition of immune complexes in the capillary beds of the peripheral circulation.
Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function?
A.
When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the
fetus, what reaction occurs?
A.
Alloimmunity occurs when an individual’s immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species
Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an
antibody against the host DNA is the cause of which disease?
A.
Why does tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation?
a. Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T
cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.
b. Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of
transplanted tissue, where the complement cascade lyses tissue.
c. Receptors on natural killer cells recognize antigens on the cell surface of
transplanted tissue, which releases lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue.
d. Antibodies coat the surface of transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue.
A.
Which blood cell carries the carbohydrate antigens for blood type?
A.
The reaction that causes a blood transfusion recipient’s red blood cells to clump together is related to the ABO antigens located on the surface of only erythrocytes
A person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of which anti-antibodies?
B.
Type O individuals have neither A or B antigen but have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies and therefore cannot accept blood from any of the other three types.
Which class of immunoglobulins forms isohemagglutinins?
D.
Which component of the immune system is deficient in individuals with infections caused
by viruses, fungi, or yeast?
C.
In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial-to-complete absence of T-cell
immunity?
A.
How many months does it take for the newborn to be sufficiently protected by antibodies
produced by its own B cells?
B.
Considering the effects of nutritional deficiencies on the immune system, severe deficits in
calories and protein lead to deficiencies in the formation of which immune cells?
A.
Urticaria are a manifestation of a which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
C.
Graves disease is a result of:
B.
Raynaud phenomenon is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?
A.
The characteristics of serum sickness are observed in only systemic type III autoimmune diseases such as Raynaud phenomenon.
Which statement is true concerning an atopic individual?
B.
Atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE and have more Fc receptors for IgE on their mast cells
Which statement is true regarding immunodeficiency?
A.
A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type O blood contains which of the following?
A.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A.
Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that results in which maternal antibody?
a. Binding with receptors for neural transmitters on muscle cells, causing neonatal
muscular weakness
b. Affecting the receptor for TSH, causing neonatal hyperthyroidism
c. Inducing anomalies in the fetus or causing pregnancy loss
d. Destroying platelets in the fetus and neonate
B.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that results in which maternal antibody?
a. Binding with receptors for neural transmitters on muscle cells, causing neonatal
muscular weakness
b. Affecting the receptor for TSH, causing neonatal hyperthyroidism
c. Inducing anomalies in the fetus or causing pregnancy loss
d. Destroying platelets in the fetus and neonate
A.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that results in which maternal antibody?
a. Binding with receptors for neural transmitters on muscle cells, causing neonatal
muscular weakness
b. Affecting the receptor for TSH, causing neonatal hyperthyroidism
c. Inducing anomalies in the fetus or causing pregnancy loss
d. Destroying platelets in the fetus and neonate
C.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disease that results in which maternal antibody?
a. Binding with receptors for neural transmitters on muscle cells, causing neonatal
muscular weakness
b. Affecting the receptor for TSH, causing neonatal hyperthyroidism
c. Inducing anomalies in the fetus or causing pregnancy loss
d. Destroying platelets in the fetus and neonate
D.
When a tuberculin skin test is positive, the hard center and erythema surrounding the
induration are a result of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Histamine
b. T lymphocytes
c. Immune complexes
d. Products of complement
e. Macrophages
B, E
Exposure to which of the following could NOT result in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
E.
Allergens that primarily elicit type IV allergic hypersensitivities include plant resins (e.g., poison ivy, poison oak); metals (e.g., nickel, chromium); acetylates and chemicals in rubber, cosmetics, detergents; and topical antibiotics (e.g., neomycin).
Which disorder is NOT considered autoimmune?
C.
Insulin-dependent diabetes is also an autoimmune disorder, but noninsulin-dependent diabetes is not.
Which statement is false regarding acute rejection?
(HLAs).
E.
Type II
tissue specific antigen mediated
Type III
immune-complex mediated
type IV
cell-mediated
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system reacts against self-antigens to such a degree that the person's own tissues are damaged by autoantibodies or autoreactive ________
T cells
___________ also initiate synthesis of bioactive lipid-derived mediators, such as leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and prostaglandins
Mast cells
in type III the antibody binds to ______ _______ that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues.
soluble antigen
Circulating drugs (e.g., penicillin) or antigens produced from infectious diseases (e.g., hepatitis B, streptococcal infection) may form circulating _______ _______ that are deposited in the circulation (vasculitis) or the kidneys (glomerulonephritis)
immune complexes
type AB individuals are considered _______ _______ because they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies and can be transfused with any ABO blood type.
universal recipients
______ disease of the newborn was most commonly caused by IgG alloantibody produced by Rh-negative mothers against their Rh-positive fetuses