Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?
C.
In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to
becoming B cells?
C.
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells.
What is the term for the process during which lymphoid stem cells migrate and change
into either immunocompetent T cells or immunocompetent B cells?
D.
The process is called the generation of clonal diversity and occurs in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells.
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
D.
What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
C.
The portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding is referred to as
what type of determinant?
B.
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when
considering the antigen?
D.
When antigens are administered to produce immunity, why are different routes of
administration considered?
a. Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the
intravenous route being the fastest.
b. Some individuals appear to be unable to respond to an antigen by a specific route,
thus requiring the availability of different routes for the same antigen.
c. Antigen-presenting cells are highly specialized and thus require stimulation by
different routes.
d. Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in
different types of cellular and humoral immunity.
d.
The functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and CD1 molecules are
alike because both:
B.
MHC and CD1 molecules are both antigen presenting molecules (APCs).
Where are antibodies produced?
B.
An antibody or immunoglobulin is a serum glycoprotein produced only by plasma cells in response to a challenge by an immunogen.
Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?
B.
Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response?
B.
Typically, IgM is produced first (primary immune response), followed by IgG against the same antigen. The other options are not involved.
An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has
a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgA
d. IgE
c
The B-cell receptor (BCR) complex functions uniquely by:
C.
The generation of clonal diversity occurs primarily during which phase of life?
D.
The generation of clonal diversity includes a process that:
B.
This process occurs in central lymphoid organs—the thymus gland for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
Which statement is true concerning clonal selection?
a. Clonal selection is driven by hormones and does not require foreign antigens.
b. This theory involves antigens that select those lymphocytes with compatible
receptors.
c. Clonal selection takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs.
d. This process generates immature but immunocompetent T and B cells with
receptors.
B.
Clonal selection, a process during which antigens select those lymphocytes with
compatible receptors, expands their population and causes differentiation into
antibody-secreting plasma cells or mature T cells
Which is an example of an endogenous antigen?
A.
Which cytokine is needed for the maturation of a functional helper T cell?
A.
Th2 cells produce IL-4 and suppress which cells?
D.
Which statement is believed to be true concerning Th1 cells?
D.
Antigens derived from viral or bacterial pathogens and those derived from cancer cells are hypothesized to induce a greater number of Th1 cells relative to Th2 cells
Which statement is believed to be true concerning Th2 cells?
D.
Antigens derived from multicellular parasites and allergens are hypothesized to be involved in the production of more Th2 cells.
When a person is exposed to most antigens, antibodies can be usually detected in his or her
circulation within:
A.
After only approximately 5 to 7 days is an IgM antibody specific for that antigen detected in the circulation.
Vaccinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because of the:
A.
Why is the herpes virus inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection?
D.
Many viruses (e.g., measles, herpes) are inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection only because these viruses do not circulate in the bloodstream; rather, they remain inside infected cells, spreading by direct cell-to-cell contact.
Increased age may cause which change in lymphocyte function?
B.
How do antibodies protect the host from bacterial toxins?
C.
Which T cell controls or limits the immune response to protect the host’s own tissues
against an autoimmune response?
D. Treg cells
Evaluation of umbilical cord blood can confirm that which immunoglobulin level is near
adult levels?
B.
At birth, the total IgG level in the umbilical cord is the only immunoglobulin that is near adult levels
Which statement is true concerning the IgM?
A.
Which cell has the ability to recognize antigens presented by the MHC class I molecules?
B.
CD8 cells recognize antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and become mediators of cell-mediated immunity and directly kill other cells (T-cytotoxic cells).
______ cells tend to recognize antigen presented by MHC class II molecules and develop into helpers in the later clonal selection process (T-helper cells)
CD4
Which cell has a role in developing cell-mediated immunity?
C.
Which statement is true regarding maternal antibodies provided to the neonate?
A.
To protect the child against infectious agents both in utero and during the first few postnatal months, a system of active transport facilitates the passage of maternal antibodies into the fetal circulation. The antibodies are transmitted via the placenta and are related to the mother’s immune system.
The infant’s own ________ antibodies reach protective levels by 6 months of age.
IgG-related
Antibodies that are associated with mucosal immune system, such as immunoglobulins, function to prevent which type of infections?
C.
Antibodies of the systemic immune system function throughout the body, whereas
antibodies of the secretory (mucosal) immune system—primarily immunoglobulins of the IgA class—are associated with bodily secretions and function to prevent pathogenic infection on epithelial surfaces.
Cytokines are vital to a cell’s ability to do which function?
D.
During their interactions, cells must communicate with each other through soluble cytokines.
Which is an example of a bacterial toxin that has been inactivated but still retains its
immunogenicity to protect the person? (Select all that apply.)
a. Poliomyelitis
b. Measles
c. Tetanus
d. Gonorrhea
e. Diphtheria
c, e
Which statement is false concerning the humoral immune response?
B.
The humoral immune response is divided into two phases, primary and secondary. These
phases differ in the relative amounts of IgG produced—the secondary response having a
significantly higher proportion of IgG relative to IgM. The two phases also differ in the speed with which each occurs after the antigen challenge
CD4 is NOT a characteristic surface marker or a result of which of the following?
E.
Differentiation of B cells and T cells in the primary lymphoid organs results in the expression of several characteristic surface markers, such as CD4 on helper T cells, CD8 on cytotoxic T cells
What are the necessary components of an adaptive immune response? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Antigen
b. Gamma IgG
c. Lymphocyte surface receptors
d. Crystalline fragment
e. Antibody
A, C, E
Crosses the placenta.
C.
Is predominantly found in the blood and body secretions.
C.
Mediates many common allergic responses
A.
The clonal selection phase is initiated by exposure to _______ _______.
foreign antigen
_______ immunity is mediated by a population of “effector” T cells that can kill targets or regulate the immune response, as well as a population of memory cells that can respond more quickly to a second challenge with the same antigen
cellular
_________ immunity is mediated by a population of soluble proteins (antibodies) produced by plasma cells and by a population of memory B cells that can produce more antibody rapidly to a second challenge with the same antigen.
Humoral
__________ become mediators of cell-mediated immunity and kill other cells directly
CD8 cells
____ cells develop into T-helper cells (Th cells) in the clonal selection process
CD4
B-cells become Tc cells as well as ______ cells in clonal selection
