Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
B.
How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance?
B.
The lung produces and secretes a family of glycoproteins, collectins, which includes surfactant proteins A through D and mannose-binding lectin. Collectin binding facilitates macrophages to recognize the microorganism, enhancing macrophage attachment, phagocytosis, and killing.
Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves
antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid?
B.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
D.
Activation of the classical pathway begins with:
A.
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
D.
The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provides a framework for future repair and healing.
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for
destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
C.
C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
_______ are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
Opsonins
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
A.
mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
\What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
A.
(1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation
(2) leukocyte chemotaxis
(3) opsonization
(4) cell lysis.
The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:
a. Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and
macrophages.
b. Process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created
for acquired immunity.
c. Destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms.
d. Promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation.
a.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at
which factor?
C. X
Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots,
activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor?
C.
Only plasmin regulates clot formation by degrading fibrin
Plasmin can activate the plasma kinin cascade by activating the Hageman factor (factor XII) and producing prekallikrein activator
Plasmin can activate the plasma kinin cascade by activating the ______________ and producing prekallikrein activator
kinin; Hageman factor (factor XII)
The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by:
B.
What affect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have on
inflammation?
D.
Binding of histamine to the __________ is essentially proinflammatory; that is, it promotes inflammation
H1 receptor
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which
problem?
B.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
B.
Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, a response that is local and short lived, and by suppressing mast cell function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation.
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte?
C.
Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells,and cellular debris at the inflammatory site.
In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant?
A.
Only monocytes and macrophages perform many of the same functions as neutrophils but for a longer time and in a later stage of the inflammatory response.
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to
release:
D.
Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive molecules, thereby controlling the vascular effects of inflammation. These enzymes include histaminase, which mediates the degradation of histamine, and arylsulfatase B, which mediates the degradation of some of the lipid-derived mediators produced by mast cells.
histaminase mediates the degradation of histamine, and _____________, which mediates the degradation of some of the lipid-derived mediators produced by mast cells.
arylsulfatase B
What is the role of a natural killer (NK) cells?
C.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
A.
What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage?
B.
The role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to:
A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response?
D.
Many neonates have a transient depressed inflammatory response as a result of which
condition?
C.
During phagocytosis, what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?
B.
Fusion is the step in phagocytosis during which:
A.
During the process of endocytosis, the phagosome step results in:
C.
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications,
the process of returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as:
A.
Newborns often have deficiencies in collectin-like proteins, making them more susceptible
to what type of infection?
D.
Which cell is the body’s primary defense against parasite invasion?
A.
Eosinophils serve as the body’s primary defense against parasites. T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are involved in acquired immunity. Neutrophils are the predominant
phagocytes in the early inflammatory site
Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Prostaglandins
b. Leukotrienes
c. Tryptase
d. Phospholipase
e. Bradykinin
a, e
Sebaceous glands protect the body from infection by secreting the following except for which one?
B.
The main function of NK cells does not include:
B.
Normal bacterial flora found in the intestines produce vitamin K to assist in the absorption of the following except for which one?
A.
An individual’s acquired immunity is dependent on the function of the following cells except for which one?
A.
Which is NOT an example of a pathogen capable of surviving and even multiplying inside a macrophage?
A.
An older adult is particularly susceptible to infections of the following body parts except for which one?
B.
collectins
The lung produces and secretes a family of glycoproteins, collectins, which includes surfactant proteins
3 plasma protein systems
the complement system
the clotting system
the kinin system
complement cascade activation: 3 types
classical, lectin, alternative
_________ pathway of complement cascade is activated by antigen-antibody complexes
classical
________ pathway of complement cascade is activated by mannose-binding lectin (MLB)
lectin
_________ pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram-negative bacterial polysaccharides and fungal cell wall polysaccharides
Alternative
The main substance in this fibrinous mesh is an insoluble protein called ______ that is the end product of the coagulation cascade