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What are the components of the Cardiovascular System?
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What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?
- Transports--O2, nutrients, CO2, wastes
- Regulates--Temperature, Clotting Mechanisms, Chemical Balance
- Protects--From Pathogens
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What are the layers of the heart?
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Epicardium
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What is the name of the membrane that covers the heart?
Pericardium
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What are the sublayers of the pericardium?
- Fibrous Pericardium
- Serous Pericardium
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fibrous pericardium:
- The tough, inelastic, outer layer of the pericardium composed of dense irregular CT.
- Protects and anchors the heart in place while preventing overstretching of the heart.
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serous pericardium:
The inner, thinner, and more delicate double layered membrane composed of a parietal layer and a visceral layer.
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parietal layer of serous pericardium:
The outer layer of the serous pericardium which is fused to the fibrous pericardium.
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visceral layer of the serous pericardium:
- Then inner layer of the serous pericardium that tightly adheres to the surface of the heart.
- Also called the epicardium.
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What is the name of the space between the two constituent layers of the serous pericardium, and occupies this space?
- Pericardial Cavity/Space
- Pericardial Fluid
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Which chambers of the heart are stronger and thicker?
- The chambers on the left side of the heart (i.e., Left Atrium & Ventricle), because they are tasked with pumping blood throughout the systemic circulation.
- Higher pressure = more work = requires more muscle
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What are the names of the valves of the heart?
- 1. Atrioventricular Valves
- a. Tricuspid Valve
- b. Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
- 2. Semilunar Valves
- a. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
- b. Aortic Semilunar Valve
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What is the function of valves in the heart?
To prevent the back flow of blood.
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Where in the body is the heart located?
- In the mediastinum, superior to the diaphragm between the right and left lungs.
- Two-thirds of the heart's mass lies to the left of the midline.
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What is the path of blood through the heart?
- Superior/inferior vena cava
- Right atrium
- Tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Pulmonary trunk (right & left pulmonary arteries)
- Pulmonary capillaries
- Pulmonary veins
- Left aorta
- Bicuspid/Mitral valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Aorta
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What are the names of the first major blood vessels that branch off of the ascending aorta?
Right & Left Coronary Arteries
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What are the names of the major blood vessels that branch off of the ascending aorta?
- Brachiocephalic Trunk
- Left Common Carotid Artery
- Left Subclavian Artery
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portal vein:
A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another capillary network.
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hepatic portal circulation:
The flow of blood from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver before returning to the heart.
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What is the order of structures involved in the heart's conduction of its own action potentials beginning with the SA node?
- SA node
- Internodal pathways (anterior, middle, posterior)
- AV node
- AV bundle (bundle of His)
- Right/Left bundle branches
- Perkinje fibers
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Where does contraction of the heart begin?
In the superior aspect of the right and left atria, most especially in the vicinity of the SA node (junction of superior vena cava and right atrial wall.
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Where does ventricular contraction begin?
Apex of the heart.
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coronary circulation:
The circulation of blood via the "crown"-like array of vessels that supply the heart walls.
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What are the risk factors for developing heart disease?
- HTN
- High cholesterol
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Poor diet/malnutrition
- Smoking
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Hormonal imbalances
- Stress
- Genetics/family Hx
- Alcoholism
- Drug use
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What are the Indications for Circulatory Massage technique?
- Abnormal B/P
- Nervous Disorders
- Reynaud's Syndrome
- Diabetes
- Hemorrhoids
- Varicose Veins
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What are the Contraindications for Circulatory Massage technique?
- Atherosclerosis
- Susceptibility to bruising
- Hematoma
- Thrombosis
- Phlebitis
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arteriosclerosis:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Hardening of the arteries due to aging, the accumulation of fatty deposits, or both.
- Circulatory Massage--Contraindicated unless ct. has a signed physician's release.
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atherosclerosis:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- A subtype of arteriosclerosis where fatty deposits of cholesterol and other substances weaken the layers of the large blood vessels.
- Circulatory Massage--Contraindicated
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hematoma:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Deep bruising and leakage of blood between muscle sheets.
- Circulatory Massage--Locally Contraindicated
- Gentle massage along perimeter can be helpful
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thrombosis:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Inflammation of the veins caused by clots.
- Also called thrombophlebitis or DVT
- Occurs most often in the lower extremities
- Circulatory Massage--Contraindicated as you could dislodge a blood clot leading to pulmonary embolism
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phlebitis:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Inflammation of the blood vessels.
- Circulatory Massage--Contraindicated
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Reynaud's Syndrome:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Vasospasm of arterioles of the hands, feet, and sometimes nose, ears, and lips with numbness and tingling.
- Circulatory Massage--Indicated
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varicose veins:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Distended veins caused by vascular incompetence and resulting in poor return of blood to the heart
- Circulatory Massage--Indicated for mild cases, Contraindicated for severe cases
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hemorrhoids:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Distended blood vessels around the inside/outside of anus that can cause pain, itching, and bleeding with bowel movements.
- Circulatory Massage--Indicated
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nervous disorders:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Emotional imbalances, or acute physiological damage of the nervous system.
- Circulatory Massage--Indicated
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Susceptibility to bruising-
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- Indicates fragile capillaries that could rupture under massage manipulation.
- Circulatory Massage--Contraindicated
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hypertension:
(Definition and circulatory massage implications)
- A persistently elevated blood pressure above 140 mm Hg systolic and/or 90 mm Hg diastolic.
- Circulatory Massage--Contraindicated for ct.'s with malignant or unmanaged HTN.
- Proceed w/Caution--Compare the physiological challenges of massage therapy with the ct.'s ADLs to gauge eligibility.
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