Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s:
B.
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
D.
A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27
mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
C.
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the
plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
C.
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
C.
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space because the:
D.
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
B.
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by
a(n):
C.
Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma?
A.
It is true that natriuretic peptides:
B.
Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
C.
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
A.
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
a. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain
cells, causing them to swell.
c. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain.
d. High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell.
a
Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
a. Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
b. Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation
balance
c. Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
d. Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
c
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
B.
Insulin is used to treat hyperkalemia because it:
B.
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between:
A.
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
C.
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
D.
In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane potential?
B.
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?
C.
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
D.
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
C.
Two clinical signs of hypocalcemia are the Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign. These
clinical signs are not indicative of any of the other options.
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids
can result in:
B.
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is:
A.
Renal failure usually causes hypermagnesemia, in which magnesium concentration is greater than 2.5 mEq/L. Hypermagnesemia is not a result of the other options.
Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and
carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in a ratio of:
D.
The relationship between HCO3 and H2CO3 is usually expressed as a ratio. When the pH is
7.4, this ratio is 20:1 (HCO3:H2CO3). The other options do not accurately identify
physiologic pH by the correct ratio of HCO3 and H2CO3.
Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
C.
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
C.
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can result from venous obstruction or sodium and
water retention. The other options do not accurately describe the cause of edema related to
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (Select all that apply.)
a. Women
b. Infants
c. Men
d. Obese persons
e. Older adults
b, d, e
Dehydration can cause the following except for which?
C.
Causes of hypocalcemia include: (Select all that apply.)
a. Repeated blood administration
b. Pancreatitis
c. Decreased reabsorption of calcium
d. Hyperparathyroidism
e. Kidney stones
a, b
The electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia exhibits the following clinical manifestations EXCEPT for which one?
B.
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits the following clinical manifestations except for which?
A.
The electrolyte imbalance hypokalemia exhibits the following clinical manifestations except for which?
D.
A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces, EXCEPT for which one?
D.
An imbalance of potassium can produce the following dysfunctions except for which?
D.
Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are FALSE?
D.
Is a major determinant of resting membrane potential.
