-
Mental image of the thing or object in reality
Idea
-
Universal, constant, possible of complex and immaterial reality
Idea
-
Elements or features contained in the idea
Comprehension
-
The individuals or categories of things to which the idea may be applied
Extension
-
Rational man
Comprehension
-
All human beings
Extension
-
Definition (idea)
Comprehension
-
-
Classified according to the object or thing they represent
Terms
-
Ma apply siya to individuals na different kinds or categories
Transcendental
-
Ma apply siya to all individuals belonging to the same category
Universal
-
Ma apply ra siya sa part sa extension sa universal
Particular
-
Applies to only one individual
Singular
-
Positive conceptual reason + negation
Contradictory
-
Contradictory
Living & non-living
-
Conceptual reasons which are opposed to each other as extremes
Contrary
-
-
Bear mutual relation to each other
Privative
-
Primative
Father and son, teacher and disciple
-
Used in exactly the same sense and meaning in at least 2 occurences
Univocal
-
Outwardly and externally or the same but express different meanings
Equivocal
-
Expressing related meanings
Analogous
-
Group of words that assign a meaning to some word or group of words
Definition
-
Words to be defined
Definiendum
-
Words that do the defining
Definiens
-
Purposes of definition
- To increase vocabulary
- To eliminate ambiguity
- To reduce vagueness
- To explain theoretically
- To influence attitudes
-
Assign meaning to new symbols
Stipulative Definition
-
Reports the established usage of a term
Lexical definition
-
Helps to decide borderline cases of ambiguous meanings
Precising Definition
-
Attempts to formulate an adequate characterization of the objects to which it is applied
Theoretical Definition
-
Functions expressively to influence attitudes
Persuasive Definition
-
2 techniques in defining a word or term
Denotative and Connotative
-
To define a term by indicating the members of the class to which the definiendum refers
Denotative techniques (extensional)
-
Denotative techniques
- By pointing them
- By naming them individually
- By naming individuals in groups
-
Demonstrative or ostensive
A chair means this, a table that
-
Enumerative
Actress means angel locsin, robbie margot
-
Subclass
Vertebrae means mammals, fishes, amphibians
-
To define a term by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotes
Connotative Techniques (intensional)
-
Connotative techniques
- By giving an equivalent term (synonyms)
- By specifying certain experimental procedures that determine whether or not the word applies to a certain thing (operational)
- By identifying the genus and the specific difference
-
The definition by genus and specific difference is governed by
Rules for defining
-
Rule #1
A definition should convey the essential meaning of the word being defined.
-
Rule #2
A definition should be neither too broad nor too narrow
-
Rule #3
A definition must not be circular
-
Rule #4
A definition should not be negative when it can be affirmative
-
Rule #5
A definition should not be expressed in figurative, obscure, vague, or ambiguous language
-
Rule #6
A definition should avoid effective terminology
-
Refers to the extension of the subject
Quantity
-
The proposition could be either affirmative or negative
Quality
-
The difference as to quantity or quality or both quantity and quality of two propositions having the same subject term and predicate term
Opposition of propositions
-
Difference of two propositions as to quantity and quality such that one is necessarily the negation of the other
Contradictory
-
Difference as to quality of two universal propositions
Contrary
-
Difference as to quality of two particular propositions
Subcontrary
-
Difference as to quantity of 2 propositions between a universal proposition and its corresponding particular
Subalternate
-
Equipollence
The formation of new proposition, with the same meaning as the original
-
Interchanging the subject and predicate terms of the original but leaving its quality unchanged
Conversion
-
Simple conversion
They have the same quantity and the predicate is singular
-
Partial conversion
Universal quantity of convertend becomes particular in converse.
-
Formulating a new proposition by retaining the subject terms and quantity of the original proposition, changing its quality
Obversion
|
|
