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Mental image of the thing or object in reality
Idea
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Universal, constant, possible of complex and immaterial reality
Idea
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Elements or features contained in the idea
Comprehension
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The individuals or categories of things to which the idea may be applied
Extension
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Rational man
Comprehension
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All human beings
Extension
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Definition (idea)
Comprehension
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Classified according to the object or thing they represent
Terms
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Ma apply siya to individuals na different kinds or categories
Transcendental
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Ma apply siya to all individuals belonging to the same category
Universal
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Ma apply ra siya sa part sa extension sa universal
Particular
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Applies to only one individual
Singular
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Positive conceptual reason + negation
Contradictory
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Contradictory
Living & non-living
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Conceptual reasons which are opposed to each other as extremes
Contrary
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Bear mutual relation to each other
Privative
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Primative
Father and son, teacher and disciple
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Used in exactly the same sense and meaning in at least 2 occurences
Univocal
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Outwardly and externally or the same but express different meanings
Equivocal
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Expressing related meanings
Analogous
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Group of words that assign a meaning to some word or group of words
Definition
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Words to be defined
Definiendum
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Words that do the defining
Definiens
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Purposes of definition
- To increase vocabulary
- To eliminate ambiguity
- To reduce vagueness
- To explain theoretically
- To influence attitudes
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Assign meaning to new symbols
Stipulative Definition
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Reports the established usage of a term
Lexical definition
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Helps to decide borderline cases of ambiguous meanings
Precising Definition
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Attempts to formulate an adequate characterization of the objects to which it is applied
Theoretical Definition
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Functions expressively to influence attitudes
Persuasive Definition
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2 techniques in defining a word or term
Denotative and Connotative
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To define a term by indicating the members of the class to which the definiendum refers
Denotative techniques (extensional)
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Denotative techniques
- By pointing them
- By naming them individually
- By naming individuals in groups
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Demonstrative or ostensive
A chair means this, a table that
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Enumerative
Actress means angel locsin, robbie margot
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Subclass
Vertebrae means mammals, fishes, amphibians
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To define a term by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotes
Connotative Techniques (intensional)
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Connotative techniques
- By giving an equivalent term (synonyms)
- By specifying certain experimental procedures that determine whether or not the word applies to a certain thing (operational)
- By identifying the genus and the specific difference
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The definition by genus and specific difference is governed by
Rules for defining
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Rule #1
A definition should convey the essential meaning of the word being defined.
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Rule #2
A definition should be neither too broad nor too narrow
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Rule #3
A definition must not be circular
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Rule #4
A definition should not be negative when it can be affirmative
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Rule #5
A definition should not be expressed in figurative, obscure, vague, or ambiguous language
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Rule #6
A definition should avoid effective terminology
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Refers to the extension of the subject
Quantity
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The proposition could be either affirmative or negative
Quality
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The difference as to quantity or quality or both quantity and quality of two propositions having the same subject term and predicate term
Opposition of propositions
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Difference of two propositions as to quantity and quality such that one is necessarily the negation of the other
Contradictory
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Difference as to quality of two universal propositions
Contrary
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Difference as to quality of two particular propositions
Subcontrary
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Difference as to quantity of 2 propositions between a universal proposition and its corresponding particular
Subalternate
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Equipollence
The formation of new proposition, with the same meaning as the original
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Interchanging the subject and predicate terms of the original but leaving its quality unchanged
Conversion
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Simple conversion
They have the same quantity and the predicate is singular
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Partial conversion
Universal quantity of convertend becomes particular in converse.
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Formulating a new proposition by retaining the subject terms and quantity of the original proposition, changing its quality
Obversion
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