Group shift

Invulnerability is when the group develop an illusion of invulnerability which encourages excessive levels of optimism and leads to risk-taking behaviour.

Rationale is when the group discount warnings and downplay negative feedback that could challenge the groups assumptions.

Morality is when the group believes that they are morally justified in their decisions, consequently ignoring the possible ethical consequences of their actions.

Stereotypes is when the group apply negative stereotypical views to people in an opposing group.

Pressure is when the group apply direct pressure to any members who express doubt or opposing views.

Self-censorship is when the group actively avoid challenging the group consensus - may do this by remaining silent or downplaying doubts.

Unanimity is when the group believes that the decisions of the group are shared by all - remaning silent during a discussion is taken to mean that the individual is in full support

Mindguards is when the groupadopt the role of mindguards to prevent the leader and members from exposure to information that challenge the decision-making.