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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- 1. Filter air
- 2. Maintain blood gases
- 3. Regulate blood pH
- 4. Temperature regulation
- 5. Moisture regulation
- 6. Sense of smell
- 7. Speech production
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What is another term for windpipe, and where is it located?
- Trachea
- Anterior to esophagus, and situated vertically between the larynx and T5.
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costal breathing:
Shallow chest breathing due to the outward and upward movement of the chest.
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diaphragmatic breathing:
Deep belly breathing due to the downward and outward movement of the diaphragm and abdomen.
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How does the body adjust the volume of the thoracic cavity?
- The diaphragm contracts, pulling on the central tendon and expanding the thoracic cavity upon inhalation.
- Exhalation closes the cavity.
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What muscles are involved in forced or deep inspiration, and what actions do they contribute to the effort?
- SCM--Elevates sternum
- Scalenes--Elevates 1st & 2nd ribs
- Pectoralis Minor--Elevates ribs 3 to 5
- Trapezius--Elevates clavicle
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internal respiration:
- The exchange of gases between the blood and the body tissues and cells those vessels serve.
- Oxygen moves from blood to tissues and cells, and carbon dioxide moves from body tissues and cells to blood.
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external respiration:
- The exchange of gases between lung air spaces (alveoli) and pulmonary capillaries.
- Oxygen moves from inspired air to blood, and carbon dioxide moves from blood to expired air.
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How is the respiratory system controlled and regulated?
- 1. Neurologically
- 2. Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata, aorta, and carotid artery monitor the levels of CO2 and O2.
- 3. Medullary Rhythmic Area in the medulla oblongata regulates diaphragmatic and external intercostals in quiet breathing.
- 4. Pontine Respiratory Group modifies rhythmic breathing in sleep, exercise, and speaking.
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asthma:
- It's a chronic inflammatory condition triggered by sensitivity to allergens which result in the overproduction of mucous which clogs up air passageways.
- S/S--Coughing, wheezing, SOB
- Tx--Bronchiole dilator, anti-inflammatory drugs, manage stimuli
- Massage--Ok if mild; can focus on diaphragm
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emphysema:
- Condition where alveoli become stretched and merge, decreasing surface area and allowing mucous to build up.
- S/S--dry cough, wheezing, pain w/breathing, SOB
- Tx--Bronchiole dilator, Oxygen tank
- Massage--Ok in early stages; Contraindicated if secondary conditions (HTN, heart disease)
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pneumothorax:
A collapsed lung due to trauma, surgery, or spontaneous causes.
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