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What are the four major components of the PNS?
- 1. Spinal nerves
- 2. Cranial nerves
- 3. Ganglia
- 4. Sensory receptors outside CNS
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Name four somatic sensations.
- 1. Touch
- 2. Pain
- 3. Temperature
- 4. Proprioception
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Name the special senses.
- 1. Smell
- 2. Taste
- 3. Vision
- 4. Hearing
- 5. Equilibrium
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What is the primary neurotransmitter for motor neurons of the Somatic Division of the PNS, and what effect does it tend to have?
- acetylcholine (ACh)
- excitation (i.e., muscle contraction)
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sensation:
A conscious or unconscious awareness of changes in the internal or external environment.
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Sensory neurons carry impulses pertaining to how many types of sensations?
Specific neurons carry only one type of sensory information.
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List several types of sensory receptors.
- Mechanoreceptors-pressure, touch
- Thermoreceptors-temperature
- Nociceptors-pain
- Chemoceptors-chemicals
- Osmoceptors-pressure of body fluids
- Propteceptors-where the body is in space
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Where are the sensory receptors of proprioception located?
- 1. Inner ear
- 2. Muscles & tendons
- 3. Fascia & ligaments
- 4. Joints
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kinesthetic awareness:
Ones sense of muscular effort, tensions, relaxation, balance, spatial orientation, distance and proportion.
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Name five different types of proprioceptive receptors.
- 1. Muscle Spindle
- 2. Golgi Tendon Organ
- 3. Golgi End Organ
- 4. Ruffini End Organ
- 5. Pacinian Corpuscle
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What sensation does the Muscle Spindle sense, and where is it located?
- Detects muscle stretch.
- Located in muscle belly.
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What sensation does the Golgi Tendon Organ detect, and where is it located?
- Detects a change in muscle tension.
- Located in tendons.
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What sensation does the Golgi End Organ detect, and where is it located?
- Detects joint position and degree of contraction.
- Located in ligaments.
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What sensation does the Ruffini End Organ detect, and where is it located?
- Detects joint position changes.
- Located in joint capsule & tissues around synovial cavity.
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What sensation does the Pacinian Corpuscle detect, and where is it located?
- Detects when movement is initiated and fast changes in pressure around joint capsule.
- Located in fascia and CT.
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Give the breakdown and total number of spinal nerves.
- 31 pairs total
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
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What type of nerve fibers are present in the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion?
Sensory fibers with information from muscle, skin, and organs.
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What type of nerve fibers are present in the ventral nerve root?
Motor axons with motor impulses for skeletal muscles (somatic motor neurons) and glands and organs (autonomic motor neurons).
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Name the protective layers of nerves.
- Endoneurium-single axon
- Perineurium-fascicle of nerve axons
- Epineurium-entire nerve
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plexus:
A network of nerves originating from more than one spinal segment that serves major areas of the body.
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Name the four major plexuses of the body.
- 1. Cervical plexus
- 2. Brachial plexus
- 3. Lumbar plexus
- 4. Sacral plexus
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Name the nerves that contribute to each of the four major plexuses of the body.
- Cervical: C1 to C5
- Brachial: C5 to T1
- Lumbar: L1 to L4
- Sacral: L4 to S4
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Give the location and structures supplied by the cervical plexus.
- Location: Within head and neck, lateral to transverse processes of C1 to C4 between the prevertebral and vertebral muscles.
- Supplies: head, neck, upper shoulders, diaphragm
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Name some signs/symptoms associated with impingement of the cervical plexus.
- headaches
- neck pain
- breathing difficulties (tension in SCM/suboccipitals)
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Give the location and structures supplied by the brachial plexus.
- Location: Under clavicle, over 1st rib to acromion
- Supplies: Upper limbs and shoulder girdle
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Name some signs/symptoms associated with impingement of the brachial plexus.
numbness, paresthesia in arm/hand (due to tight pec minor and scalenes)
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Give the location and structures supplied by the lumbar plexus.
- Location: In TVPs of lumbar vertebrae
- Supplies: Abdominal wall, genitalia, lower limb
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Name some signs/symptoms associated with impingement of the lumbar plexus.
Lower back and thigh pain (due to tightness/spasm of posts and QL)
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Give the location and structures supplied by the sacral plexus.
- Location: Posterior, lateral pelvis at piriformis
- Supplies: Lower back, pelvis, posterior lower limb, foot
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Name some signs/symptoms associated with impingement of the sacral plexus.
Lower back/thigh pain (due to tight piriformis/SI joint ligaments)
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sciatic nerve:
- Largest nerve in the body
- Originates L5 to S2 (sacral plexus)
- Exits pelvis at medial ischial tuberosity (deep to biceps femoris)
- Divides at knee into tibial (posterior leg/foot) and peroneal (anterior leg/foot)
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dermatomes:
- Section of skin supplied by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve.
- Some overlap in dermatomal segments.
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myotomes:
- Muscle(s) that receive motor axons from a single spinal nerve.
- Boundaries overlap.
- Roughly correspond to regions innervated by sensory fibers of same spinal nerve.
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cranial nerves:
- Twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain.
- Some are sensory only, others are mixed.
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Name the 12 cranial nerves.
- O--Olfactory (I)
- O--Optic (II)
- O--Occulomotor (III)
- T--Trochlear (IV)
- T--Trigeminal (V)
- A--Abducens (VI)
- F--Facial (VII)
- V--Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
- G--Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- V--Vagus (X)
- A--Accessory (XI)
- H--Hypoglossal (XII)
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