MICROBIO (module 1)

Made of one cell each, and the simplest cells on the planet.

Smallest microbes, they live inside the cells of other creatures.

Made of one cells each, but usually bigger than bacteria. They use chlorophyll to turn sunlight into useful energy

Such as mold, they break down dead plants and animals to use as food.

Made only one cell. They behave a bit like animals.

Look a lot like bacteria, but behave in different ways. They can survive extreme environments.

Study of microscopic organisms

Means by which microorganisms can be grouped together.

Study of bacteria

Study of algae

Study of fungi

Study of protozoa

Study of parasites

Study of viruses

The means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients it needs to live and reproduce

Study of how genes are organized and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions

The relationship between microorganisms and their environment

Study of immune response of humans to microorganisms

Study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness

Study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products

The exploitation of microbes for use in the industrial processes. E.g industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment

The manipulation of microorganisms at generic and molecular level to generate useful products

Study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and foodborne illness

Study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms

Study of those microorganisms that are found in water

Study of airborne microorganisms

Study of function and diversity of microbes in their natural environment

Studies the relation of microbes with some geological substances

Use of micro-organisms to clean air, water and soils

Study of microorganisms in outer space

Studies of those microorganisms which are being used in weapon industries

Study of those organisms on nano level

Quantification of relations between controlling factors in foods and responses of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms using mathematical modeling

Importance/ Applications

any bacterial infections of
the female reproductive tract following childbirth or
miscarriage.

His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, he created the first vaccine for rabies. Also made it important to make sure surgeries were sterile. He is regarded as one of the main founders of modern microbiology

Applications in industrial, agricultural, pharmaceuticals, & environmental

What are the historical perspectives

Believed living organisms came from non living things

Father of bacteriology, protozoology, microbiology. Described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as animalcules

Described that the disease caused by a minute “seed” or “germ”

Life originated by itself from non living matter and imperfect forms were replaced by perfect forms

Where did living organisms originated from according to Thales under the influence of factors in environment (heat,air,sun)

Oceanic water was the mother from which all living forms originated according to?

1677 observed little animals

1796 First scientific small pox vaccination

1850 advocated washing hands
1847-1850 demonstrates the puerperal or childbed fever is a contagious disease transmitted by physicians to their patients during childbirth

1861-1862 Disproved spontaneous generation and supported germ theory of disease

1867 Practiced antiseptic surgery

1876 first proof of germ theory of disease with B. Anthracis discovery

1881 growth of bacteria on solid media

1882 outlined “kochs postulates”

provided the proof by cultivating the bacteria that cause anthrax apart from any other type of organism.

introduces the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory

1882 Developed acid fast stain
1910 discovered cure for syphilis

proposed a theory of immunity in which antibodies were responsible for immunity (Antitoxin).

• He is known as the father of modern chemotherapy.

• He speculated about some “magic bullet” that would selectively find and destroy pathogens but not harm the host (Selective Toxicity).
• He also develop a staining procedure to identify tubercle bacilli.

1884 Developed gram stain

Year of first rabies vaccination

1887 invented petri dish

1892 Discovered viruses

1899 recognized viral dependence on cells for reproduction

1900 proved mosquitos carried yellow fever agent

1928 discovered penicillin

1977 Developed a method to sequence dna

1983 polymerase chain reaction invented

1665 with the help of crude microscope he stated that life’s smallest structural units were cells

First to discover bacteria

Refers to a theory on the origin of life describing that the life originated from inorganic or inanimate substances

Who proposed abiogenesis

Refers to theory on the origin of life describing that the life originated from pre existing living matter

Who proposed biogenesis

Showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat when it is covered

Proposed that animalcules arose spontaneously
Covered the flasks with cork still microbes appeared

Demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium

Showed that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life

Conducted an experiment in which he divided a hay infusion that had been boiled into containers

Water is involved in disease transmission

demonstrates the epidemic spread of cholera through a water supply contaminated with human sewage.

Fungi cause plant disease

Contagion passes among individuals, objects and air

Microscopic worms are present in blood of plague victims

Discovered highly resistant bacterial structure later known ad Endospore

Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores to make infusion completely sterilized a process known as

Proposed the use of Agar in culture media which is not attacked by bacteria and which is better that gelatin due to its higher melting points and solidifying points

The supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter

The notion that diseases could be spread by seed like entities was first described in 1500’s by

In the early 1800 conducted a series of experiments which demonstrated that a disease afflicting silkworms at the time was caused by a parasite.

It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease

may refer to not just a bacterium but to any type of microorganism or even non-living pathogens that can cause disease, such as protists, fungi, viruses, prions, or viroids.

Two types of bacteria which is discovered by John Tyndall

Heat labile forms easily destroyed by boiling

Types known as endospore

introduce agar-agar as a solidifying gel for culture media.

discovers phagocytic cells and their role in engulfing bacteria.

discovers that a virus can cause cancer in chickens.

discovers genetic transformation in bacteria, thereby raising a key question in genetics: What chemical caused the transformation?

demonstrates transposable elements in maize, and almost two decades later they are discovered in bacteria.

demonstrates the slow infectious nature of the disease kuru, which is later shown to be caused by a prion

— showed that sepsis could be transmitted by hands of medical student and may cause disease
– M. J. Berkeley (ca. 1845)
– demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland
was caused by a Fungus

showed that the pébrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite
– developed other vaccines including those for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
“Father of bacteriology and immunology”

also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans

Smallpox is caused by either of two virus variants named

V. minor causes a milder form of disease called

earliest form of vaccination and in this case referred to as

Jenner continued to inoculate children with cowpox with similar results. He named this procedure

Used Agar as a solidifying agent to harden media. Agar is extracted from seaweeds red algae. He also Worked with Robert Koch.

developed the use of Agar to grow microorganisms.
– She was the wife of Walter Hesse who worked in Koch’s laboratory

Develop culture media to study yeast and molds

Tobacco mosaic virus could pass through filters used to remove bacteria

demonstrated that alcoholic fermentations were the result of microbial activity,

Discovered a number of antibiotic such as Tetracycline and Streptomycin.

isolates a protein from a slow disease infection and suggests that it might direct its own replication. He suggest the agent be termed a prion.

demonstrates that a bacterium , Helicobacter pylori, causes ulcers.

Used to study DNA

determined the structure of DNA.

studied the relationship between genes and
enzymes using the bread mold, Neurospora

– Demonstrated spontaneous gene mutations in bacteria (not directed by the environment)

Following initial studies by Frederick Griffith (1928) they provided evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was the genetic material and carried genetic information during transformation