Funda - Prelim Topics (definition of nursing - illness and disease)

(Models of Health and Illness)

- Used for examining the causes of disease in an individual
- The interaction of the agent–host–environment creates risk factors that increase the probability of disease.

o Agent – an environmental factor or stressor that causes illness to occur
o Host – a living organism capable of being infected or affected by an agent.
o Environment – includes all external factors that make illness to the host

(Models of Health and Illness)

- One way to measure a person’s level of health

- Views health as a constantly changing state, with high-
level wellness and death being on opposite ends of a graduated scale, or continuum

- It illustrates the ever-changing state of health as a person adapts to changes in the internal and external environments to maintain a state of well-being

(Models of Health and Illness)

- Illustrate how people interact with their environment as they pursue health
- To motivate health-promoting behavior, one has to incorporate:
      Individual characteristics and experiences
      Behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs
      Health-related behavior

(Models of Health and Illness)

- Concerned with what people perceive or believe to be true about themselves in relation to their health.
- Useful when teaching individuals about health and illness
-Has 3 components; Perceived susceptibility to a disease, Perceived seriousness of a disease, and Perceived benefits of action

(Levels of Health Promotions and Illness Prevention)

- Begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning.

- Activities:
 Health teaching on preventing complications
 Using physical therapies
 Referring to support groups
 Monitoring responses
 Providing services to facilitate recovery or improve quality of life living with effects of an illness or injury

(Levels of Health Promotions and Illness Prevention)

- Focus: screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of those found

- Goals:
 Identify and illness
 Reverse or reduce the severity of the disease, or provide cure

- Activities:
 Assessment for normal growth and development
 Encouraging regular medical, dental, and vision examination
 Screenings and laboratory tests

(Levels of Health Promotions and Illness Prevention)

- Focus: direct promotion of health and prevention of disease process or injury
- Activities:
 Immunization
 Family planning services
 Poison-control information
 Accident-prevention education
 Health teaching about:
     -Diet
     -Exercise
     -Rest
     -Sleep
     -Safe sex practices
     -Security and safety

What are the Levels of Health Promotions and Illness Prevention?

– the behavior motivated by a desire to avoid or detect disease, or to maintain functioning within the

– the behavior of an individual that is motivated by a
personal desire to increase well-being and health potential.

(Factors affecting Health and Illness - Human Dimensions)

a. Roman Catholic – requirement of baptism for both live births and stillborn babies
b. Orthodox and Conservative Jews – Kosher dietary laws prohibit pork and shellfish
c. Jehovah’s Witness – opposition to blood transfusion

(Factors affecting Health and Illness - Human Dimensions)

- Health practices and beliefs are strongly influenced by:
 Economic level
       Low-income groups: less likely to seek medical care
       High-income groups: more prone to stress-related habits and illness
 Lifestyle – patterns of eating, habits, emotional
stability
 Family – bad habits influenced by parents and
other family members
 Culture – practices influenced by cultural
practices

(Factors affecting Health and Illness - Human Dimensions)

- Elements:
 Housing and sanitation
 Climate and air pollution
 Food and water

(Factors affecting Health and Illness - Human Dimensions)

- Encompasses
 cognitive abilities
 educational background
 past experiences
- intellect influence response to teaching and reactions to
nursing care during illness

(Factors affecting Health and Illness - Human Dimensions)

- How the mind affects body function and responds to body
conditions also influences health
 Long term stress = affects body systems
 Anxiety = affects health habits
 Calm acceptance and relaxation = change body
response to illness

(Factors affecting Health and Illness - Human Dimensions)
 Genetic inheritance
 Age
 Developmental level
 Race
 Gender

(Factors affecting Health and Illness)
- Essential to the emotional and physiologic health and survival of humans
- If met: healthy
- If not met: increased risk for illness

Factors affecting Health and Illness

Common Chronic Illnesses

- Broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health
- Characteristics:
 It is a permanent change
 It causes or caused by irreversible alterations in
normal anatomy and physiology
 It requires a long period of care or support

- Usually have a slow onset and many have periods of:
 Remission – disease is present, but the person
does not experience symptoms
 Exacerbation – symptoms of the disease reappear

(Illness Behaviors)
- Begin in the hospital and conclude at home or at a
rehabilitation center
- Mostly completed at home
 Person gives up the dependent role and
resumes normal activities and responsibilities
 May return to health at a higher level of
functioning and health than before illness (due
to health education upon treatment)

(Illness Behavior)
- Patient decided to accept the diagnosis and follows the
prescribed treatment plan
 Person conforms to the opinions of others
 Requires assistance in carrying out ADLs
(activities of daily living)
 In serious cases, patient enters the hospital for
treatment

- Patient’s response to care depends on the ff:
 Seriousness of the illness
 Degree of fear about the disease
 Loss of roles
 Support of others
 Previous experiences with illness care

(Illness Behaviors)
- person now identifies himself/herself as being sick
 seeks validation of this experience from others
 gives up normal activities
 assumes “sick role”
- most people focus on their symptoms and bodily functions.
- Stage ends when person able to choose whether to seek professional treatment or buy over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms

(Illness Behaviors)
- recognizing one or more symptoms that are incompatible with one’s personal definition of health
- common: pain, rash, fever, bleeding, cough

Stages of Illness Behaviors

- these behaviors are way to cope with alterations in
function caused by the disease
- unique to individual and are influenced by age, gender,
family values, economic status, culture, educational level,
and mental status
- no specific timetable for the stages-of-illness behavior

- rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short
time
- can be life-threatening
- can be treated by:
 self-treatment – OTC drugs
 medical care – specific treatment only and
usually patient return to normal functioning.

Causes of Diseases

(Process in assessing wellness state:)
making personal choices to befit the self for the future

(Process in assessing wellness state:)
growing and developing

(Process in assessing wellness state:)
being part of a whole

(Process in assessing wellness state:)
recognizing self as separate and individual

Process in assessing wellness state:

According to ______

- High level wellness: functioning to one’s maximum
potential while maintaining balance and a purposeful
direction in the environment
- “Wellness” – active state, regardless of one’s health
- “Good health” – passive state wherein a person is not ill

– is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental, and emotional health.

– care that addresses the many dimensions that comprise the whole individual.

– numbers of deaths

– how frequently a disease occurs

– is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely by the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1974).

(Factors inhibiting sensitivity to diversity)
– occurs when one believes that one’s own ideas and practices are superior than of others.

(Factors inhibiting sensitivity to diversity)
- occurs when people become aware of cultural differences, feel threatened, and respond by ridiculing the beliefs and traditions of others to make themselves feel more secure about their own values

(Factors inhibiting sensitivity to diversity)
- occurs when one ignores differences
and proceeds as though they do not exist

(Factors inhibiting sensitivity to diversity)
- is the belief that everyone should
conform to your own belief system

Negative stereotyping includes:

(Factors inhibiting sensitivity to diversity)
These are beliefs that certain races, an age group, or one gender is inherently superior to others, leading to discrimination against those considered inferior.

- the feelings a person experiences when placed in a different culture perceived as strange

- may result in psychological discomfort or disturbances, as the patterns of behavior a person found acceptable and effective in his or her own culture may not be adequate or even acceptable in the new one

- may then feel foolish, fearful, incompetent, inadequate, or humiliated. These feelings eventually can lead to frustration, anxiety, and loss of self-esteem.

When a minority group lives within a dominant
group, many of their members may lose the cultural characteristics
that once made them different, and their values may be replaced by
the values of the dominant culture.

is a large group of people who are members of an even
larger cultural group, but who have certain ethnic, occupational, or
physical characteristics that are not common to the larger culture.

shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations
that provides social structure for daily living

people of varying cultures, racial and ethnic origin,
religion, language, physical size, gender, sexual orientation, age,
disability, socioeconomic status, occupational status, and geographic
location

(Aims of Nursing)

- Goals:
 to reduce the risk for illness
 to promote good health habits
 to maintain optimal functioning

(Aims of Nursing)

- Facilitate an optimal level of function to patients and family
coping with altered function, life crisis, and death.
- Altered function decreases an individual’s ability to carry
out activities of daily living (ADLs) and expected roles

(Aims of Nursing)

Focuses on the individual with an illness and range from
early detection of a disease to rehabilitation and teaching
during recovery

Nurses prevent illness primarily by

– avoid/achieve early detection of illness
or to maintain function within the constraints of an illness.

Nurses promote health by

- the desire to increase a person’s well-being and health potential.

-is a state of optimal functioning or well-being
-WHO; one’s health includes physical, social, and mental
components and is not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
- is often a subjective state

To meet the aims of nursing, the nurse uses:

Aims of Nursing

(Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs)

- Highest level on the hierarchy
 The need for individuals to reach their full
potential through development of their unique
capabilities

- Each lower level of need must be met to some degree
before this need can be satisfied.
- The process of self-actualization continues throughout life.

- Next highest priority
 the need for a person to feel good about himself
or herself
 to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment
 and to believe that others also respect and
appreciate those accomplishments
- Positive self-esteem facilitates the individual’s confidence
and independence
- Factors that may affect self-esteem:
 Role changes
 Loss of relationships
 Change in body image

(Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs)

- Higher-level need
 Understanding and acceptance of others in both
giving and receiving love
 feeling of belonging to families, peers, friends, a
neighborhood, and a community.

- If unmet, a person may:
 Feel lonely and isolated
 Withdraw physically and emotionally
 Become overly demanding and critical

(In Early Civilizations)
Roles
Physician - priests
Nurse - mothers

(Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs)
What need means being protected from potential or actual harm (both in the physical and emotional aspect).

(Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs)
What need ...

– must be met to maintain life
- Most basic and the most essential needs
- Highest priority
- Mostly met by self-care for healthy adults, assistance
provided for ill patients.

Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs by Abraham Maslow (1968)
5 levels of needs, identify the lower-level and the high-level

What are the current trends in nursing?

Development of nursing - When did the ff happenjQuery11240130902582432862_1686140600521

- For the first time – large numbers of women worked
outside the home.
- Women become more independent and assertive.
- The changes led to an increased emphasis on education
- War itself created a need for more nurses and resulted in a
knowledge explosion in medicine and technology, which
broadened the role of nurses.
- Efforts were directed at upgrading nursing education
- Schools of nursing were based on educational objectives
and were increasingly developed in university and college
settings

Development of nursing - What century did the ff happen?

- Due to the work of Florence Nightingale and care provided
for battle casualties during the Civil War, need for
educated nurses in the US was focused.
- Hospital schools were organized but the training was more
on apprenticeship than on educational principles since
hospitals saw an economic advantage by providing more
easily controlled and less expensive staff for the hospital.

Guess who

- Big break: Outbreak of Crimean War, and a request by the
British to organize nursing care for a military hospital in
Turkey.
- Achievements:
 Elevated the status of nursing to a respected
occupation
 Improved the quality of nursing care
 Founded modern nursing education
 After the war, she established training school
for nurses in England and wrote books for
healthcare and nursing education.

Development of nursing in mid 18th to 19th century

Development of nursing - What century did nursing ....

-changed from religious orientation to warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge.
- Monasteries and convents closed
- Shortage of people to care for the sick
- Women who had committed crimes were recruited into nursing in lieu of serving jail sentences, to also meet the need of nurse shortage.
- Nurses received low pay, and worked long hours in unfavorable condition

Ancient Hebrews developed rules through the:

(In Early Civilizations) nurses were seen as

(In Early Civilizations)
Center of medical care

In early civilizations, this theory attempts to explain the mysterious changes in bodily functions

- that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and
endowed with power.
- Good spirit = brought health
- Evil spirits = sickness and death

Six (6) Primary Roles of Nurses in all Settings

difference between the science and art of nursing

Central focus in all definitions of nursing:

Nurses’ focus

Definition of nursing